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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are pathogens?
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any disease-causing organism
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When is a pathogen contageous?
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When it can be spread from one organism to another
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When is a pathogen considered infectious?
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when it finds a tissue inside the body that will support its growth.
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What is a bacteria?
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a group of single-celled organisms. Tiny, numerous. Prokaryotic and do not contain organelles. Surrounded by a cell wall that provides protection. Also have flagella dn pili which help tem pass genes and become mobile
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Where is the DNA held in a prokaryotic cell?
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the nucleoid region
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What are plasmids?
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small, circular extrachromosomal DNA.
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How to bacteria reproduce?
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Binary fission.
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What happens in binary fission?
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The single circular choromosome is copied and attached to another site of the plasma membrane then that section of the membrane grows around it until it becomes two daughter cells
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What are toxins?
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Symptoms of a disease arise dut to the effects of biological molecules secreted by the bacterial cells, called TOXINS
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What are macrophages?
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white blood cells which contain toxic chemicals that kill bacteria
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What is a virus?
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a nonliving organism that cannot replicate without the aid of a host cell. Viruses lack enzymes for metabolism and contain no ribosomes. They are basically packets of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
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Do viruses have to conain DNA?
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No. A virus can be DNA or RNA, double stranded or single stranded, linear or cirular.
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What is a capsid?
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the protein coat that surrounds a virus
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What is a latent virus and what is an emerging virus?
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A latent virus enters a state of dormancy. An emerging virus is one that who incidence has increased in the past two decades
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What is a parasite?
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A paraiste is an organism that obtain nutrients and shelter required for growth and development from a different organism
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What is a prion?
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A prion is a normally occuring protein produced by brain cells that , when misfolded, causes spongiform encephalopathy
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What is an epidemic?
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a contagious disease that sprad rapidly and extensively among members of the population
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What are some ways diseases are spread?
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Exposure to infected body fluids, transmision through an intermediate host, Inhalation, Ingestion
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What is the "first line of defense" in the immune system?
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Skin and Mucus membranes.
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What are nonspecific defenses?
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Defenses that do not distinguish one pathogen from another, but defend against all
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What is phagocytosis?
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The ingestion of pathogens by cells.
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What are natural killer celles?
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cells that attack virus-invaded calls by penetrating them and causing them to burst.
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What are Interferons?
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they are proteins produced by virus-infected body cells to help uninfected cells resist infections
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What is the inflammatory response?
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a reaction producing redness, pain, swelling, and fever that is induced by chemicals released from macrophages
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What is the third line of defense in the immue system?
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Lymphocytes
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What are lymphocytes?
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Lymphocytes are white blood cells that travel throughout the body by moving through spacing between cells, etc
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What is an antigen?
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an antigen is a molecule that is foreign to the host and stimulates the immune system to react
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What happens when an antigen is presen tin the body?
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The production of B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) are enchanced.
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What to B cells and T cells do?
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they are concentrated in the spleen and lymph nodes. Both recognize and elminate antigens.
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How do B cells eliminate antigens?
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By secreting proteins called antibodies that bind to and inactivate antigens.
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What is an antigen receptor?
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Lymphocytes recognize foreign molecules based on the presence of proteins whose shape is complementary to a portion of the foreign molecule, called ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. They are either attached to the surface of the lymphocyte or secreted by it.
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What types of antigens to B-cells recognize?
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small, free-living microorganisms such as bacteria and the toxins they produce.
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What types of antigens do t-cells recognize?
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recognize and respond to body's cells that have gone awry, like cancer cells or cells invaded by viruses. also respond to fungi and parasitic worms.
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How are lymphocytes made?
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produced from stem cells. produced in bone marrow and released into the blood stream. B cells continue to develop in bond marrow. T cells take up residence in the thmus glad and devalop
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Remember:
B cells from BONE marrow T cells from THYmus |
:)
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What is humoral immunity?
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b-cells encounter an antigen, clones itself to create a clonal popluation. some cells become memory cells
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What are memory cells?
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help respond more quickly if infected by same thing again.
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What is cell-mediated immunity?
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by T cells. directly attack other cells rather than secreting antibodies.
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What is a cytotoxic T cell?
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attack and kill body cells infected with a virus.
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What are helper T cells?
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boosters of the immune response. detect invaders and alter B and T cells that an infection is occuring. no helper T cells, no immuse system response.
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What is a vaccine?
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vaccines are mad eof coponents of the disease causing orgnaizms. The immune system resonds to the vaccine by producing the clonal populaiton of memory cells that will be prepared for a real infection
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What is the endocrine system?
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asystem of regulation and communication that involves hormones, glads and particular cells that respond to the hormones.
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What are hormones?
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chemicals that travel through the circulatory system and act as signals to elicit a response from target cells
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What do you call organs that secrete hormones?
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endocrine glands.
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What does the thyroid glad do?
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secretes hormones that stimulates metabolism
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What does the hypthalamus do?
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regulates body temp and affects hunger, thirst, reproduction. stimulates the activities of the gonads
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What is GnRH?
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moves through veins from teh hypothalamus to the pituitary glad.
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What is the pituitar gland?
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secretes many different hormones such as FSH and LH that produce sex differences.
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What does FSH (follicle-stimulating hormones) do in males and females?
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In females:stimulates egg-cell development
In males: stimulates sperm production. |
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What does LH (luteinizing hormones) do in males and females?
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In females: stimulates the release of an egg cell during ovulation
In males: stimulates testosterone production. |
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What are the adrenal glands?
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sit atop each kidney. secrete adrenaline in reponse to stress of excitement. also secrete androgens.
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What do androgens do?
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include masculinizing hormones like testosterone and feminine hormones such as estrogen.
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What are endocrine disrupters?
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chemicals that disrupt the actions of the hormone-producing endocrine system.
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What are neurons?
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specialized cells that carry electrical and chemical messages ack and forth betwen your brain and other parts of the body.
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What are the components of the central nervous system?
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the brain and spinal cord
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What are effectors?
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effectors are the responsive tissues that respond to verve signals.
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What are nerve impulses?
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electrical changes that carry information along nerves
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What are the three categories of neurons?
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1) sensory neurons-carry info towrad the CNS
2) motor neurons-carry info away from the CNS toward effector tissues 3)interneurons-located between sensory and motor neurons within the brain or spinal cord |
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What is the peripheral nervous system
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the network of nerves that radiates out from the brain and spinal cord. not all organisms have one.
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What ist he cerebrum?
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the cerebrum fills the whole upper part of the skull. controls language, memory, sensations, and decision making.
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What is the temporal lobe?
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processing auditory information and some visual information, as well as memory and emotion.
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What is the occipital lobe?
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processes visual info from the eyes
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What is the parietal lobe?
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processes info. about touch and is involved in self-awareness
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What is the frontal lobe?
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processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved in planning and organizing future expressive behavior.
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