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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous tissue |
Neuron cell, neuroglia |
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Neuron cell |
Conduction of electrical signal |
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Neuroglia |
Helper cells protect neuron cells |
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Tissue types |
Epithelial cells, connective tissue - blood, fibrous connective tissue |
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Nervous system functions |
Support & posture, mobility,coordination of cell activity, communication system between cells, collection integration and storage of information, learning |
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Parts of nervous system |
Central and peripheral |
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Central nervous system |
Brain and spinal cord |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Nerve fibers (bundles of neurons), cranial 12 pairs, spinal 31 pairs |
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Somatic division |
Controls voluntarily and involuntarily skeletal muscle movement. |
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Somatic neurons |
Transmit info from spinal cord to skeletal muscles |
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Autonomic divison |
Motor neurons carry info to smooth or cardiac muscle and all other tissues and organs except skeletal muscle |
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Sensory neurons |
Bipolar. Input. Conduct electrical signal into/towards the brain/spinal cord |
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Motor neurons |
Multipolar. Output. Conduct electrical signal from brain/spinal cord |
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Association/interneuron |
Lie in brain or spinal cord between sensory and motor neurons. Gives you options |
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Bipolar neurons |
2 long cytoplasmic extensions. Dendrites and axon |
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Multipolar neuron |
Many short dendrites extensions. |
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Myelin sheath |
Schwann cells form protective layer around long cytoplasmic extensions creating saltatory conduction along nodes of Ranvier |
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Myelin sheath functions |
Saves neuron energy, speeds up transmission of impulses, helps damaged or severed axons of peripheral nervous system to regenerate |
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Electrical conduction along neuron 1 |
1. Resting potential/polarized membrane is a result of unequal in distribution (outside + inside -) |
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Electrical conduction along neuron 2 |
Na+ (sodium) transport protein. Calcium floods into cell and reverses polarity. Action potential/depolarized membrane |
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Electrical conduction along neuron 3 |
Potassium transport proteins open, potassium floods to outside of cell and reverses polarity across membrane. Repolarization |
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Electrical conduction along neuron 4 |
Active transport pump reestablishes original ion distribution (sodium outside/potassium inside) |
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Chemical conduction 1 |
Electrical signal moves along the axon membrane causing vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move to edge of axon and are released into synapse |
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Chemical conduction 2 |
Neurotransmitters diffuses across synapse, attaches to receptors in dendrite membrane |
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Chemical conduction 3 |
Sodium transport protein open and begin depolarization |
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Brain parts |
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem |
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Cerebrum |
Largest part of brain. Outer surface- cerebral cortex grey matter inside white matter |
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Cerebrum lobes |
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
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Frontal lobe |
Elaboration of conscience thought |
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Parietal lobe |
Sensation of temp, touch, pressure, pain from skin |
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Temporal lobe |
Hearing and smelling |
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Occipital lobe |
Seeing |
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Cerebellum |
Relay center. Info from spinal cord passes through cerebellum to go to cerebrum. Balance and equilibrium center. Gross motor control (large motor actions) |
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Brain stem parts |
Medulla (oblongata), pons, midbrain |
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Medulla |
Vegetative center. Controls respiration, digestion, controls cardiovascular system, controls exocrine glands |
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Pons |
Bridge between cord and other brain areas (regions of cerebellum and cerebrum and thalamus and hypothalamus) |
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Midbrian |
Thalamus/hypothalamus. Cerebrum |
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Limbic system |
Underside of cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulbs |
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Limbic system controls |
Arousal/wakefulness, seat of emotions, seat of pleasure |
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Coverings of brain and spinal cord |
Meninges wrap around brain. Dura matter- outermost. Arachnoid layer. Pia matter |
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Cerebrospinal fluid |
Arises from blood, drains back into blood, forms in arachnoid space. H2O and small amount of protein, glucose, white blood cells. Absorbs shock waves |
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Spinal cord functions |
Reflex center, relay center |
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Cranial nerve fibers |
12 pairs. All sensory, all motor, mixed |
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Spinal nerve fibers |
31 pairs. All mixed |
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Sympathetic division |
Transmit signals that prepare body for emergencies (fight or flight) |
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Parasympathetic divison |
Relaxed. Lowers heart rate and respiration, increases digestion, and permit dedication and urination |
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Special senses |
Detection, conduction, interpretation of sensory info |
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Mechanoreceptors |
Respond to waves of sound, changes in fluid pressure, physical touch or pressure, stretching, or forces generated by gravity and acceleration |
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Thermoreceptors |
Respond to hot or cold |
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Stretch receptors |
Muscle and tendon |
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Chemoreceptors |
Chemical. Gustatory(taste) and olfactory |
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Eye. Conjunctivia |
Above cornea |
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Lacrimal glands |
Produce tears, contain bacteriostatic chemicals |
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Suspensatory ligaments |
Suspend lens |
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Anterior chamber |
Aqueous humor |
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Posterior chamber |
Vitreous humor |
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Structure of eye |
Sclera, cornea, choroid, retna |
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Rods |
Operate in low light, produce black and white vision |
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Cones |
Operate in bright light produce color vision. Blue green red |
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How eye words |
Light ➡️ retinal cells ➡️ chemical change in cell, then regenerates original chemicals (needs vitamin A) ➡️ generates wave of depolarization in sensory neurons |
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Outer ear |
Pinna, auditory canal with sebaceous glands |
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Middle ear |
Tymponum |
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3 bones in typmonum |
Malleus ,incus ,stapes. Small enclosed space with opening to pharynx |
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Inner ear is |
Bony chambers filled with fluid lined with epithelial cells "hair cells" in contact with sensory neurons |
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Bony chambers in inner ear |
Cochlea, vestibule, semi-circular canals, vestibular cochlear nerve |
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Cochlea |
Organ of corti, auditory sense |
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Vestibule |
"Static" equilibrium |
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Semicircular canals |
"Dynamic" equilibrium |
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Vestibular cochlear nerve |
8th cranial nerve |
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Circulatory system functions |
Transport all materials involved in metabolism, homeostasis (temp, pH), fluid regulation, defense, wound healing |
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Tissues of circulatory system |
Muscle- cardiac and smooth, epithelial, connective, nervous |
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Blood |
Plasma and blood cells. 5-10% of body weight |
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Plasma |
55% of blood volume. 90% water 7% protein |
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Blood cells |
45% of blood volume |
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Where blood cells form |
In red bone marrow from stem cells |
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Types of blood cells |
Erythrocytes (RBCs), thrombocytes(platelets), leukocytes(WBCs) |
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Rbcs stimulus for production |
Tissue hypoxia |
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Rbcs functions |
Transport gases, primarly O2 but CO2 |
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Hemoglobin |
Heme (Fe), globin, likes o2 and co2 |
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Heme |
Recycle Fe. Pyyrole rings to bilirubin |
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Bilirubin |
Transported to liver, catabolized to bile and excreted |
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Albumin |
Blood protein found in plasma used for osmotic balance, carry chemicals |
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Hemostasis is |
Keeping blood inside |
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Hemostasis steps |
1. Contraction of blood vessels 2. Formation of platelet plug 3. Platelets disenigrate and release platelet factors 4. Coagulation |
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Hypothalamus |
Automatic functions of pituitary gland |
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Thalamus |
About hypothalamus. Recieving, processing, and transfer center |
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Meninges |
3 membranes of connective tissue |
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Meninges parts |
Dura matter, arachnoid, pia matter |
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Arteries |
Carry blood away from heart |
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Capillaries |
Site for exchange |
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Veins |
Blood to heart |
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Thrombocytes/platelets |
Fragments of cells involved in blood clotting |
