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42 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
Know the sequence of the evolutionary tree from fish to mammals
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Know the four unique features of chordates
Notochord, a flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos or all chordates. Also, a nerve chord (spinal chord), a pharynx (part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity), and a postanal tail.
Know the characteristics of vertebrate chordates
1) Notochord replaced by vertebrae. 2) Distinct skull and head. 3) Closed circulatory system (more efficient).
Know about placoderms and Dunkleosteus
Placoderms are the evolution of the true jaw, mad feeding more efficient. Dunkleosteus are placoderms that are 20-30 feet long. It was a drastic change from filtering, sucking, and rasping food.
Know the two jawless fishes and the characteristics
Lampreys and hagfish are modern representatives of jawless fish. Hagfish are eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish. Lampreys are fish with teeth and a funnel-like sucking mouth.
Know about the evolution of the jaw, why it was more efficient, what animal first displayed a true jaw
First evolution of the jaw appeared in about 550 mya, the development of the jaw made feeding much easier.
Know the 4 adaptations that developed a more efficient body design for swimming
Streamlined shape, propulsion (caudal) fins, stabilizing (dorsal) fins, and paired fins.
Sharks, know their characteristics
They are the top predators, they have cartilaginous skeletons, bony teeth, and their body was designed for predation.
What was the megalodon?
Prehistoric, extinct shark. They were up to 52 feet long and 60 tons.
Ectothermic
means cold-blooded
Endothermic
means warm-blooded.Amphibians
They are cold-blooded.
Know what animal amphibians evolved from
Amphibians evolved from fish.
Know examples of the remaining orders
Salamanders, frogs, toads.
Know about cutaneous respiration
This is the ability to breathe through the skin.
Reptiles
They are cold-blooded (ectothermic).
Characteristics (4)
Amniotic egg, allows reproduction independent of a water environment, they have dry skin protected by scales, internal fertilization, improved circulatory system (development of 4 chambered heart).
Examples of modern reptiles
Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and tuataras.
Know the type of circulatory system they have
Development of four chambered heart.
Why are birds considered the ancestors of reptiles (similarities)
Similar to reptiles by their scales on legs and amniotic eggs.
Know the 5 characteristics (endothermic)
1) Thin, hollow bone structure. 2) Feathers, provide aerodynamic qualities for flight. 3) Four-chambered heart. 5) Endothermic, warm-blooded.
Know the characteristics of hair, what is it made of and what are its functions
Hair provides insulation, camouflage, and protection.
Other characteristics (milk glands, endothermic, teeth adaptations, digestive system)
Mild-producing glands lead to increased survival of young. They are endothermic, warm-blooded. They have diversified teeth.
Know the three orders of mammals, characteristics and examples
1) Monotremes, egg laying mammals, close relatives of reptiles. 2) Marsupials, pouched animals. Different method of embryonic development. 3) Placental mammals, allows nourishment and live birth with a greater chance of survival, it what humans are.
Know about the current rate of extinction, why it is occurring, and how it compares to the background extinction rate
The current extinction rate is 100-1000 times the background extinction rate. This is occurring because of habitat destruction, desertification, and pollution.
How does a conservation biologist go about their job?
They study the preservation of biodiversity.
What are the two ways habitat is lost?
The physical reduction in suitable places to live and the loss of habitat as the result of chemical pollution.
Know the four ways humans are threatening species
Habitat loss, species introductions, overharvesting, and illegal wildlife trading.
Know what pollution is and how acid rain is formed
Pollution is any chemical or biological change in the environment that harms living organisms. Acid rain is formed from sulfur and nitrogen oxides .
Know the pH numbers of normal and acid rain
Normal pH of rainfall is 4.4, acid rain has a pH of 5.6
What is the source of acid rain?
Coal-burning power plants.
Know what eutrophication is. What chemicals are involved in causing it? Which organic chemicals are persistent?
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilize algae in the water, cause “bloom” deplete oxygen. Mercury, cyanide is persistent.
Know what the greenhouse effect is and how it increases average global temperature.
Increase in surface temperature caused by heat trapping gasses in Earth’s atmosphere.
What is the connection between increasing CO2 levels and average global temperature?
Higher CO2 levels, higher global temperature.
Know the predicted increase in the next century
1.8-4.0 degrees.
What evidence are scientists seeing of global warming besides an increase in temperature?
Species’ ranges are changing. Butterfly habitats are shifting, animals mating a few days earlier, and migration routes are shifting.
What are some of the effects of increasing average global temperature? (From National Geographic film, “six degrees till doom”)
The artic is not ice for half the year, hurricanes in the South Atlantic, droughts, and flooding.
Know what the difference is between introduced and invasive species and examples we talked about.
Introduced species are ones that humans brought to an area where it did not previously occur. Invasive are ones that spread widely causing harm to environment, human health, or the economy.
Know how were rabbits introduced, and what control measures have been attempted over the years.
Rabbits were introduced to Australia in 1859, only 24 rabbits were introduced. Control measures through hunting with ferrets, poisoning, and shooting them.
How was Kudzu introduced and why can’t it be eradicated?
Kudzu was introduced to farmers being promised that kudzu would reduce soil erosion. It was also introduced by the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. Kudzu can’t be eradicated because it is an invasive species that grows at an extremely high rate.
How were Burmese pythons introduced and why can’t they be eradicated? What control measures have been attempted?
They were imported to the US and then released into the Everglades. Control measures such as Python hunting season has been created. They can’t be eradicated because they have spread so much.
Know the story of the overexploitation of Cod
This means to harvest a species faster than it can reproduce. New technology could allow fish to be caught faster with massive nests and steel plate and rollers. This targeted Cod while they were spawning.
Recovery – How can we facilitate recovery? What evidence is there that recovery is happening?
We can facilitate recovery through slowing human population growth. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 allowed for recovery of some species.