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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytokinesis |
The cytoplasm of the cell divides into 2 distinct daughter cells happens after mitosis |
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Meiosis |
Production of gametes Daughter cells have half the amount of genetic material as parent cell |
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gametes |
eggs and sperm |
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Mitosis |
Production of somatic cells genetic material is copied and divided equally daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cell |
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Mitosis and cytokinesis are responsible for what 3 event in eukaryotes |
growth wound repair asexual reproduction |
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Somatic cells |
all other cells besides gametes |
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Deoxyribonueclueic acid |
encodes cells genetic info |
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chromosomes |
contain a single long double helix of DNA wrapped around proteins |
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gene |
Section of DNA that codes a specific RNA and therefore a specific protein |
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Chromatid |
Each of the DNA copies in a replicated chromosome |
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centromere |
region of the chromosome where chromatids join |
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sister chromatids |
Chromatids from the same chromosome |
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Cell cycle |
formation of eurakyotic cell to duplication of chromosomes undergoes cell division |
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S phase |
synthesis phase DNA replication occurs |
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G1 and G2 phases |
Gaps between replication and mitosis organelles replicate and more cytoplasm is made |
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5 stages of mitosis |
Prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase |
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prophase |
Chromosomes condense mitotic spindle and centrosome begin to form |
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mitotic spindle |
is made up of microtubules called spindle fibers |
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Polar microtubules |
push poles away from each other during mitosis |
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kinetichore microtubules |
pull chromosomes to poles of the cell during mitosis |
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centrosome |
microtubule-organizing center contains a pair of centrioles |
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prometaphase |
nuclear envelope breaks down nucleolus disappears kinetichore microtubules attach to one of the sister chromatids of each chromosome |
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kinetichore |
centromere region where attachment occurs |
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Metaphase |
formation of mitotic spindle is complete motor proteins on kinetichore microtubules pull each chromosome in opposite direction causing them to line up in the middle |
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metaphase plate |
plane where chromosomes line up in metaphase |
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anaphase |
centromeres split sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles |
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daughter chromosomes |
when sister chromatids are split in anaphase |
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telophase |
a new nuclear envelope form around each set of chromosomes mitotic spindle disintegrates chromosomes decondense |
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Mitosis promoting factor |
present in cytoplasm on M-phase cells induces mitosis |
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protein kinase |
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer a of phosphate group from ATP to a target protein (phosphorylation) |
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cyclin |
functions as a regulatory protein |
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Cell cycle checkpoints |
G1 G2 metaphase interactions among regulatory molecules at each checkpoint tell cell whether to continue on with division |
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G1 checkpoint factors |
cell size nutrient availability social signals from other cells health of DNA |
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p53 |
protein that acts as a tumor suppressor pauses cell cycle or programmed cell death |
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G2 checkpoint factors |
if chromosome replication has not proceeded properly if DNA is damaged |
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Metaphase checkpoint factors |
Chromosomes do not properly attach to mitotic spindle |
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Cancer |
caused by cells that grow at an uncontrolled rate, invade nearby tissues, spread to other parts of body. |
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Tumor |
forms when one or more cells in a multicellular organism begins to divide at an uncontrolled fashion |
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Benign tumors |
noninvasive and noncancerous |
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Malignant tumors |
invasive cancerous spread throughout body via blood or lymph initiate secondary tumors |
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metastasis |
when cancer cells detach from original tumors and invade new tissue |
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Growth factors |
small proteins that are released by cells that stimulate division in other cells. |
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Rb protein |
enforces G1 checkpoint keeps cell in G0 stage. |
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fertilization |
when sperm and egg unite to form a new individual |
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Karyotype |
characteristic number and type of chromosomes in every organism |
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Sex chromosomes |
Determine sex of organism |
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autosome |
other chromosomes in an individual besides sex |
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homologous |
chromosomes of the same type |
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genes |
sections of DNA that influence one or more hereditary trait |
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alleles |
different versions of the same gene |
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haploid number |
number of distinct types of chromosomes present 23 in humans |
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ploidy |
number of each type of chromosome present |
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haploid |
organisms with one of each type of chromosome |
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diploid |
organisms with two of each type of chromosome one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome |
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polyploid |
organisms with more that 2 of each type of chromosome |
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Meiosis 1 |
diploid parent cell produces two haploid daughter cells homologs separate and go to different daughter cells |
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Meiosis 2 |
sister chromatids separate and go different daughter cells 4 daughter cells each one has one of each type of unreplicated chromosome |
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reduction division |
reduction of chromosome number metaphase 1 |
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gametogenesis |
when daughter cells become gametes |
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zygote |
results from fertilization of haploid daughter cells, now diploid
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Meiosis 1 phases |
early prophase1 late prophase 1 metaphase anaphase telophase |
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early prophase 1 |
homolog pairs come together in pairing process known as synapsis |
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tetrad |
structure that results from synapsis, consisting of 2 homologs or 4 chromatids |
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late prophase 1 |
non sister chromatids begin to separate crossing over between homologous non sister chromatids |
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chiasmata |
where crossing over occurs |
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synaptonemal complex |
network of proteins that hold together homologs separate during meiosis 1 |
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Metaphase 1 |
tetrad line up on metaphase plate |
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anaphase 1 |
paired homologs separate begin to migrate to opposite poles of cell |
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telophase 1 |
homologs finish migrating to poles cell divides be cytokinesis |
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Meiosis 2 phases |
prophase 2 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2 |
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Prophase 2 |
spindle apparatus forms spindle fiber attaches to centromere of each sister chromatid
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metaphase 2 |
replicated chromosome line up on metaphase plate |
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anaphase 2 |
sister chromatids separate daughter chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles |
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telophase 2 |
daughter chromosomes arrive at poles nuclear envelop forms around each haploid set of chromosomes cytokinesis |
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3 ways genetics vary in sexual reproduction |
crossing over independent assortment random combination of sperm and egg |
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Outcrossing |
when gametes of two different individuals combine to form offspring |
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nondisjunction |
if both homologs or sister chromatids move to the same pole of parent cell |
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aneuploid |
zygotes with too many or too little chromosomes usually don't survive |
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trisomy |
gametes that have an extra copy of chromosome down syndrome extra copy of chromosome 21 |
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momosomy |
gametes that lack a chromosome |
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trait |
characteristic of an individual |
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Blending hypothesis |
parental traits blend so offspring have intermediate traits |
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inheritance of acquired characteristics |
parental traits are modified, and then passed to offspring |
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why mendel chose peas |
short life cycle traits are easily recognizable easy to grow produces large number of seeds mating is easy to control |
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phenotype |
individual's observable traits |
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pure lines |
produce identical offspring |
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hybreds |
offspring when crossing pure lines |
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reciprocal cross |
switching mother and father phenotype and mating |
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particulate inheritance |
heriditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation |
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genes |
hereditary derterminants |
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alleles |
different forms of a gene |
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genotype |
the alleles found in an organism |
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principle of segragation |
alleles separate into different gamete cells |
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homozygous |
alleles for a trait are the same RR rr |
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heterozygous |
alleles for a trait are different Rr |
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dihybred cross |
mating between parents that are both heterozygous for 2 traits |
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test cross |
homozygous recessive is mated with an unknown genotype |
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recombanant |
the shuffling of alleles when crossing over higher percent, furthest apart |
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multiple allelism |
genes have more than two alleles therefore having more than two distinct phenotypes |
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incomplete dominance |
heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype pink flower |
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codominance |
heterozygotes display both phenotypes calico cat |
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plieotropic |
when genes influence many traits |
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quantitative traits |
many genes each contribute a small amount to the phenotype bell shaped curve |
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pedigrees |
family trees used to analyze existing human crosses help reveal patterns of inheritance for genes underlying traits |
