Biology Test 3 Transport

Front 1

HIV resistant individuals have what

Back 1

a rare form of a gene

Front 2

what does the rare form of the gene do in HIV resistant people

Back 2

it codes for an immune cell surface protein

Front 3

what is the immune cell surface protein that cods genes for hiv resisitant people

Back 3

CCR5

Front 4

what is hiv main binding site

Back 4

CD4

Front 5

what is the coreceptor required for HIV

Back 5

CCR5

Front 6

what do individuals who are hiv resisistant lack in regards to CD4 and CCR5

Back 6

they do not have a binding site for CCR5

Front 7

why is this breakthrough with HIV important

Back 7

CD4 inhibiting is dangerous. If we can inhibit CCR5, it would be a safer target and we can develop drugs that mask CCR5 and block entry.

Front 8

what is maraviroc

Back 8

a CCR5 inhibitor that has been approved for treatment of HIV

Front 9

what is crucial to the function of an organism

Back 9

cell to cell recognition

Front 10

what 2 main reasons is cell to cell recognition important

Back 10

it sorts cells into tissue and organs in embryo
the basis for rejection in immunity

Front 11

how do cells recognize one another

Back 11

binding molecules

Front 12

what are the binding molecules on cells containing

Back 12

carbohydrates

Front 13

where are the carbohydrates that allow binding molecules to recognize other cells located

Back 13

extracellular plasma membrane

Front 14

describe membrane carbohydrates

Back 14

short branched chains of fewer than 15 units

Front 15

what type of bonding occurs in between carbohydrate molecules and lipids

Back 15

covalent

Front 16

carbohydrate molecules covalently bonded to lipids are called

Back 16

glycolipids

Front 17

most carbs are bound covalently to what

Back 17

proteins

Front 18

carbs bound to proteins covalently are called

Back 18

glycoproteins

Front 19

what enables cells to differentiate inbetween themselves

Back 19

the diversity and location of carbohydrates on the surface

Front 20

membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized in the cell where

Back 20

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 21

when are carbs added to the member proteins

Back 21

after the er

Front 22

where do the glycoproteins undergo further carb modification and lipids acquire carbs

Back 22

in the golgi apparatus

Front 23

what and where with what is transported after the golgi apparatus puts this stuff together

Back 23

glycoproteins, glycolipids, and secretory proteins are then transported in vesicles to the plasma membrane

Front 24

what process releases the secretory proteins and positions the glyco carbs and proteins outside of the membrane

Back 24

exocytosis

Front 25

how do hydrophilic substances avoid the hydrophobic portions of the membrane

Back 25

transport proteins

Front 26

channel proteins have a tunnel through the membrane that allow water to go through are called

Back 26

aquaporins

Front 27

without aquaporins what would happen

Back 27

water would pass very slowly

Front 28

carrier proteins are very what

Back 28

selective

Front 29

selective permeability of the membrane depends on what

Back 29

the lipid bilayer and the proetins

Front 30

what type of energy do molecules have

Back 30

thermal energy

Front 31

why do cells have thermal energy

Back 31

constant motion

Front 32

what is a type of thermal energy

Back 32

diffusion

Front 33

diffusion is

Back 33

the movement of any substance so it spreads out evenly

Front 34

in diffusion substances are moved how gradient

Back 34

down the concentration gradient its own independent of others

Front 35

what is tonicity

Back 35

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Front 36

what does tonicity rely on

Back 36

solutes

Front 37

a cell without rigid walls cannot tolerate what

Back 37

excessive uptake or loss of water

Front 38

what is osmoregulation

Back 38

the control of solute and water balance

Front 39

if an organism doesnt have a rigid cell wall and is in an extreme environment what does it need

Back 39

osmoregulation mechanisms

Front 40

example of osmoregulation mechanisms

Back 40

plasma membranes which are less permeable to water and a vacuole which pumps water out

Front 41

what is turgor pressure

Back 41

pressure a plant cell wall puts back on the cell that nulls further water uptake

Front 42

what is turgid cell

Back 42

very firm, healthy plant cell state

Front 43

what happens if a plants cell is surrounded in isotonic

Back 43

it becomes flaccid

Front 44

what is plasmolysis

Back 44

the shriveling and plasma membrane pulling away from the wall in a plant cell

Front 45

when does plasmolysis occur

Back 45

when plant cell is in a hhypertonic solution

Front 46

what are channel proteins that transport ions

Back 46

ion channels

Front 47

most ion channels are what type

Back 47

gated channels

Front 48

how do gated channels respond

Back 48

open and close to stimulus

Front 49

what are the two stimulation that open and close gated channels

Back 49

electrical potential gradients and a substance adhereing to the protein

Front 50

cystinuria is what

Back 50

an inherited gene that has no carrier protein to transport cysteine

Front 51

an inherited gene that has no carrier protein to transport cysteine called cytinuria impacts what

Back 51

kidney cells and the transport of cysteine to return it to the blood