Biology Test 3

Front 1

1. what is the function of muscle tissue?
2. 3 types of muscle
3. how do they differ? similiarities?
4. covering that surrounds whole muscle; made up of kind of tissue
5. a group of muscle fibers?

Back 1

1. convert chemical energy into mechanical energy
2. skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
3. function, location, structurel; composed of actin and myosin
4. epimyisum
5. fasicle

Front 2

1. the covering around fascile
2. another name for muscle fibers
3. the plasma memnbrane of muscle fibers is called the
4. cytoplasm is __
5. connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

Back 2

1. perimysium
2. muscle cells
3. sarcolemma
4. sarcoplasma
5. endomysium

Front 3

1. the sarcoplasm has what in it?
2. stores oxygen in muscle
3. contractile element of muscle cells
4. each muscle fiber contains __ myofibrils
5. where do they run?

Back 3

1. stored glycogen in glycosomes
2. myoglobin
3. myofibrils
4. 100s to 1000s
5. run parallel and fill entire cell

Front 4

1. y is skeletal muscle is striated bc
2. lighter stripe in middle of A band
3. bisects this and A and
4. bisects I band
5. reigion bt Z discs and is the functional contractile unit

Back 4

1. actin (I band) and myosin( A band)
2. H zone
3. M line
4. Z disc
5. sarcomere

Front 5

1. what does the elastic filaments in muscle called?
2. fibers within the sarcomere
3. what forms the length of A band?
4. What forms the length of the I band?
5. where does it extend?

Back 5

1. titin
2. thick (myosin) and thin (actin)
3. thick filaments (myosin)
4. thin filaments (actin)
5. into the A band

Front 6

1. what is the protein that forms z discs? purpose?
2. the fine protein strands that form M line; purpose?
3. composed of titin.; where does it run?; what does it do; what does it do in the I band?
4. the protein that makes up the thick filaments;what does it look like?

Back 6

1. nebulin; anchor thin filaments, connects adjacent myofibrils
2. Desmin; holds adjacent thick fialments together
3. elastic filaments; from z disc to myosin and on the the M line; holds thick filaments in place; extends when stretches, recoils when return to original length
4. myosin; 2 heads and a long tail

Front 7

1. The tail of myosin s make up of; purpose?
2. the heads are made up of ; job?
3. What is the structure of thick filament?
4. they are binding sites for
5. what is the subunit for thin filament structure?

Back 7

1. 2 twisted polypeptide chain; to hold down the molecule
2. ends of heavy chains and 2 light polypeptide chains; the business end, they link thick and thin filaments together during contraction
3. myosin tails bundle together, heads poking outwards,
4. actin and ATP
5. globular actin

Front 8

1. what is the thin filament structure?
2. what does tropomyosin do?
3. 3 parts of troponin and its goal
4. what does the shape of Troponin determine and that determines
5. what is the ER of muscle cells? what does it do?
1. the junction of Aand I bands is called
2. What is bt these?

Back 8

1. attached in a long polypeptide chain (F actin). The F actin folds back on itself to make a twisted double strand.
2. stiffens the thin filament; in relaxed muscle blocks active sites of actin
3. Tn I (bonds actin), TnT (binds to tropomyosin and posititions in on actin, Tn C (binds Calcium ion)
4. position of tropomyosin; ability of muscle to contract
5. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; stores calcium
1. terminal cisternae
2. T tubules

Front 9

1. tubes that wrap around each myofibri and condut nerve impulses deep inside muscle cells
2 . what happens to actin and myosin during contraction?
3. what happens when its stretches?
4.when muscle is relaxed what is happening? why?
5. explain rigor mortis

Back 9

1. t tubules
2. the overlap increases?
3. the overlap is minimal
4. no Ca is bound to troponin, tropomyosin blocks myosin binding site on actin, nerve impules travels to muscle via nerve
5. cell death decreases ATP. too much Ca makes muscle contract and stay contracted. ATP is necessary for cross bridge detachment. without ATP muscles stay contracted

Front 10

1. function of CNS and PNS
2. CNS is made out of
3. the PNS is made of
4. when nerves send impuses to the CNS that is called (2 examples)
5. when nerves send impuses from the CNS they ae called (2 ex

Back 10

1. gather sensory info and process info to produce a responsr
2. brain and spinal cord
3. nerves
4. afferent (somatic and visceral)
5. efferent (somatic (volutary and autnomic

Front 11

1. 2 types of autonomic (involuntary) nerves,
2. nervous tissue in PNS and CNS is made of
3. what is the most abundant neugolia of CNS? what do they do?
4. who has an protective role
5. what does ependymal cells do?

Back 11

1. sympathetic (fight or flight) parasympathetic (rest and digest)
2. neurons and neuroglia
3. astrocytes, anchor neurons to capillaries, mop up leaked nervous tissue
4. microglia
5. circulate cerebral spinal fluid and takes blood fluid in blook and make it into that

Front 12

1. what do satellite cells do?
2. cels of nervous system; what do they need survive?
3. the cell body is also called
4. conducting region?
5. output region?

Back 12

1. surround neuron cell bodies
2. neurons; need a constant supply of glucose and oxygen
3. soma
4. axon
5. nerve terminal

Front 13

1. a cluster of cell bodies in CNS? PNS?
2. branching extensions of the cell body
3. They transmit incoming info to ___ by ____
4. from the cell body to terminal is called
5. from terminal to cell body is

Back 13

1. nuclei; ganglia
2. dendrites
3. axon hilloc, graded depolarizations
4. anterograde
5. retrograde

Front 14

1. protein that carries and propels particles axon
2. replacement molecules for axolemma, NT synthesis transported by the protein
3. white matter is made of ? gray matter?
4. 99% of neurons are
5. where are bipolar nfound?

Back 14

1. dynein
2. kinesin
3. myelinated fibers; unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
4. mulitpolar
5. eye, nose, sense organs

Front 15

1. most sensory neurons are
2. in the dendrites and cell body the electrical current is called a
3. in the axon, the electrical current is called
4. what are the difference bt the 2?
5. why the difference?

Back 15

1. unipolar
2. graded response
3. action potential
4. graded response is short lied. it decreases in strength w/ distance. action potential is large and doesnt decrease with strength.
5. the dendrites and cell body have chemical and mechanical gated ion channels, and the axons, sarcolemma, and t tubles have voltage

Front 16

1. an action potential only occurs where?
2. how do you get electrical current to flow?

Back 16

1. axons, sarcolemma and T tubles
2. all plasma membranes must be polarized at rest, which means there is a voltage difference across membrane.

Front 17

1. why is there a voltage difference bt the inside of the membrance and the outside. what is it called?

Back 17

1. there are leaky ion channels sprinkled all over the membrane. They allow K to leak out so that there is more K outside. THe NA/K pump also pumps out 3 positive ions for every 2 it pumps in K. The net effect is more positive charges collect on the outside than inside. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

Front 18

1. the inside of cells is more __ than; what is this called?
2. where does this occur?
3. what is depolarization?

Back 18

1. negative than outside
2. polarized state
3. only occurs only at membrane
4. a change in Resting Membrane potential such as that the inside is more positibe than it was at rest

Front 19

1. 2 forms of electrical signals
2. where does graded response occur? how is it produced?
3. how does it work? what is the sequence?

Back 19

1. graded response and action potential
2. sensory receptor endings and dendrites
3. a small region become depolarized, the stimulus has (-) charge, the (+) will flow laterally bc its attracted (outside cell positive charges flow to less positive region created by depolarization, the greater the inital depolarization the greater the currents, the effect becomes weaker the further the current travels from site of stimulus

Front 20

1. what is action potential generated by? the change in amplitude is by about? how long does it take?
2. in a neuron, the traveling voltage is called
3. what is the resting membrane potential?

Back 20

1. nerves and muscle cells (excitable tissue); 100mv; 3 milliseconds
2. nerve impulse
3. 80Mv

Front 21

1. explain what happens when an action potential occurs

Back 21

`1. resting membrane potential is generated by Na/K pump. Deficit of the (+) ions inside is about -70, the channels are closed. The voltage gated NA channels open (depolarization of membrane. at -55mv local depolaration spreads along to open all Na channels. When AP peaks, Na channels close influx of Na stops. K gates open and K exits the cell and returns inside cells to negativity (repolarization), The K gates are slow to close so they undershoot.

Front 22

21. What elements are present in the dark A bands?
22. What is the function of actin?
24. What is the function of the elastic filaments?
30. Where is the M line found?
33. What is the function of troponin?

Back 22

1. C. Actin, Myosin, Elastin and Desmin X
2. B. It pulls the Z discs closer together during contraction
3. Hold the thick filaments in place
4. C. In both the H zone and A band
5. C. It determines the position of tropomyosin

Front 23

34. What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
35. Which of the following applies to the Sliding Filament Teory?
36. What role does Calcium play in muscle contraction?
37. What lateral boundaries define a sarcomere
. What changes occur to the sarcomere during muscle contraction

Back 23

1. A. It is the storage site of calcium
B. It forms a transverse tubule system
C. It forms a network of tubules around each myofibril
2. Contraction causes the actin/myosin overlap to increase
3. C. It changes the shape of the Troponin complex
4. B. The Z discs
5. C. The H zone gets narrower

Front 24

1. The formation of a cross-bridge occurs when
2. What is the trigger for a muscle contraction
3. In the sliding filament theory, what event is triggered by attachment of ATP to its binding site on the myosin head?

Back 24

1. The myosin head attaches to its binding site on actin
2. The binding of calcium to troponin
3. Cross-bridge detachment

Front 25

1. Energy from the breakdown of ATP to ADP + Pi is stored in the myosin head for what purpose?
2. Which of the following molecules triggers relaxation of the muscle
3. Which of the following contributes to the condition of Rigor Mortis
4. Which of the following applies to polarized membranes?
5. Why are plasma membranes polarized

Back 25

1. Prepares myosin head for next attachment
2.ATP
3. Cell death decreases the energy supply to the cell
Cellular calcium concentrations are unregulated
Cross-bridge detachment has stopped
4. There is a voltage difference across the membrane
5. Because of the pumping of unequal numbers of ions across the membrane

Front 26

1. Which ions play a major role in the formation of a polarized state
2. What is a depolarization
3. Which of the following are components of the Neuromuscular Junction
4. Which neurotransmitter is released at the Neuromuscular Junction?
5. What happens immediately after a nerve impulse, traveling down a motor neuron, reaches the nerve terminal?

Back 26

1 Sodium and potassium
2. A change in the Resting Membrane Potential
A decrease in the voltage difference across the membrane
A change in the distribution of ions across the membrane
3. A nerve terminal
A synaptic cleft
A motor end plate
4. Acetylcholine
5. . Ca2+ channels open and allow Ca2+ into the nerve terminal

Front 27

1. What happens after acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
2 .What is the function of acetycholinesterase
3. What is believed to be the cause of Myasthenia Gravis
4. What type of molecule is the insecticide Malathion
5. What is the mechanism of action of the toxin produced by Clostridium Botulinum?

Back 27

1. It binds to, and activates, acetylcholine receptors
2. It breaks down acetycholine
3. Too few Ach receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
The destruction of Ach receptors by antibodies
A lack of muscle stimulation by Ach receptors
4. An anticholinesterase
5. Blocks Ach release from the nerve terminal

Front 28

1. How are smooth muscles arranged in a hollow organ
2. In which of the following is contraction of smooth muscle a contributing cause?
3.
Which of the following is true regarding smooth muscle cells?
4. What is the function of afferent nerves?
5. What are Neuroglia

Back 28

1. In two separate sheets
A longitudinal sheet of cells
A circular sheet of cells
2. Peristalsis
Asthma
Stomach cramps
3. They store Ca2+ in membrane pouches
4. To send impulses to the CNS
5. They are supporting cells in both the CNS and PNS

Front 29

1. Which of the following neuroglia is the most abundant in the
2. What is the function of dendrites?
3. What types of molecules might flow in an Anterograde direction along the axon?
4. What type of neurons are the sensory neurons of the PNS
5. Which of the following are not properties of a GRADED response (depolarization)?

Back 29

1. . Astrocytes
2. To provide an increase in the surface area of the cell body
To receive input signals
To transmit graded depolarizations to the axon hillock
3. What types of molecules might flow in an Anterograde direction along the axon?
4. Unipolar
5. A threshold level of stimulus must be reached to produce a depolarization

Front 30

1. What is the threshold level of an action potential?
2. What happens when the threshold level of an action potential is reached
3. What happens during the Repolarization phase
4. What event leads to repolarization of the membrane?
5. What restores the ionic distribution (i.e. Na+/K+ ratio) across the resting membrane?

Back 30

1. It is the membrane potential that triggers an action potential
2. All sodium channels are activated automatically to open
3. The neuron is refractory
4. The opening of potassium channels
5. An increase in activity of the Na+/K+ pump X

Front 31

1. Where, in myelinated nerves, do action potentials occur
2. Which of the following applies to Multiple sclerosis
3. Which of the following applies to multiple sclerosis?
4. What is a function of a synapse?
5. What is the function of the Axon Hillock?

Back 31

1. At the Nodes of Ranvier only
2.
It is an autoimmune disease
The immune system makes antibodies against myelin
The myelin sheath is slowly destroyed
3. Muscular weakness and paralysis
4. To convert an electrical signal into a chemical signal then back into an electrical signal
5. To receive graded responses from dendrites
To initiate the firing of action potentials
To initiate formation of the axon

Front 32

1. What type of depolarizations occurs at the postsynaptic membrane?
2. What is a hyperpolarization
3..
What type of effect do hyperpolarizations have on a membrane?

Back 32

. Graded depolarizations
2. It is when the membrane potential becomes more negative than the Resting Membrane Potential
3. It makes it harder to fire the next depolarization X