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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does "cyte" mean?
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cell
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What do chondrocytes look like?
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cartoon eyes
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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support, movement, fat & mineral storage, protection, and blood production
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what kind of tissue is the skeletal system made up of?
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connective tissue
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what kind of connective tissue is produced in the bone?
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blood
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what does the skeletal system begin as?
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cartilage
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what is the process where cartilage in the developing embryo dissolves and is replaced by bone?
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ossification
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what kind of tissue is cartilage?
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flexible connective tissue
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what are cartilage cells called?
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chondrocytes
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where are chondrocytes located?
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lacunae
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what are the three types of cartilage in the human skeleton?
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hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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what is the band of chondroblasts that remains in growing bones between the primary ossification and the secondary ossification?
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epiphyseal plate
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what is another name for bone cells?
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osteocytes
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what is the tough outer membrane covering the bone?
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periosteum
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what is a bone thinning disease?
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osteoporosis
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what is the mineral of greatest concern?
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calcium
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how much calcium should adults get a day?
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at least 1000mg
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what is made in the skin and is converted in the kidneys to hormone?
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vitamin D
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what are bone deformities in long bones called?
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rickets
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what directly stimulates growth in the epiphyseal plate?
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growth hormone
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what is blood calcium level regulated by?
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parathyroid hormone (PTH) & calcitonin
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estrogen can increase ___.
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osteoblasts
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what is bone continually being remodeled by?
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osteoclasts and osteoblasts
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what are bones joined by?
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ligaments
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what are ligaments composed of?
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dense fibrous tissue
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what are the steps of bone repair?
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1. hematoma within 6-8 hours. 2. fibroblasts/chondroblastw produce fibrocartilage callus between two brokenends for about 3 weeks 3. bony callus forms as osteoclasts remove dead fragments of original bone and the blood cells of the hematoma and osteoblasts produce trabeculae of spongy bone 3-4 months 4. remodeling as osteoblasts deposit collagen and calcium phosphate to build new compact bone and osteoblasts absorb spongy bone creating a new medullary cavity.
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what are the two main categories of bone fractures?
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incomplete fracture, complete fracture
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what are the types of complete fractures?
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simple, compound, twisted, impact
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what is an impact fracture?
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two bones rammed together, shattering the ends of each bone.
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what is a twisted fracture?
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a ragged break resulting from bone twisting
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what is a simple fracture?
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a bone is broken, but does not protrude through the skin.
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what is a compound fracture?
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broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin creating an increased risk of infection and tissue damage.
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what are bones classified by?
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their shapes
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what are the five shapes of bones?
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flat, long, short, irregular, round
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what is a round bone?
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patella
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what is a short bone?
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wrists
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what is a long bone?
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limbs & fingers
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what is a flat bone?
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skull, sternum, ribs
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what is an irregular bone?
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hip bones & vertebrae
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how many bones are in the body?
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206
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what are the two parts of the skeleton?
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axial, appendicular
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what does the axial skeleton include?
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skull, hyoid bone, ear ossicles, vertibral column, sternum, ribs (7pairs of true, 5 pairs of false + 2 pairs floating)
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what does the skull consist of?
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cranium, facial bones
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what is the only moveable facial bone?
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mandible
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what bone is attached to the tongue?
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hyoid bone
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what is a baby's soft spot called?
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fontanel
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what are the anatomical regions that divide the vertebrae?
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cervical, atlas, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
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what does the appendicular skeleton include?
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everything else.
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what are the bones of the upper limbs designed for?
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dexterity
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what are the three types of articulations of joints in the skeleton?
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fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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fibrous joints are ___.
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immoveable
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cartilaginous joints are ___.
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slightly moveable
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synovial joints are ___ moveable and the articulating bones are fastened together and stabilized by ligaments.
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freely
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what kind of joint is created by the rounded end of a bone articulating with a bony socket in the other bone?
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ball and socket
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what occurs when ligaments are torn from their attachmets?
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sprain
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what occurs when muscles are stretched or torn?
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strain
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what kind of muscle is voluntary?
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skeletal
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what is necessary for contraction of skeletal muscles?
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motor neurons
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how many skeletal muscles are in the body?
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600+
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what are skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton by?
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tendons
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the ___ of a muscle is attached to a bone that does not have a lot of movement.
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origin
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the ___ of the muscle is attached across a joint to another bone.
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insertion
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the muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called ___.
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fascicles
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what are the contractile proteins in myofibrils?
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actin
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one myofibril may have 1000 contractile units called ___.
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sarcomeres
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what kind of mineral is necessary for muscle contraction?
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calcium ions
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Is ATP necessary for formation of the cross bridge or for the breaking of the cross bridge?
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both
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what is the largest muscle?
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gluteus maximus
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what are the widest muscles of the back?
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latissimus dorsi
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what are the muscles that allow you to wink?
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orbicularis oculi
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what are the muscles that allow you to whistle?
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orbicularis oris
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what allows you to shrug your shoulders?
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trapezius
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what muscle do you use to tiptoe?
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gastrocnemius
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what gland is the master gland of the body?
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pituitary
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what system functions as an internal communication system of powerful chemical messengers?
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endocrine
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what is a baby's soft spot called?
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fontanel
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what are the anatomical regions that divide the vertebrae?
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cervical, atlas, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
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what does the appendicular skeleton include?
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everything else.
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what are the bones of the upper limbs designed for?
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dexterity
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what are the three types of articulations of joints in the skeleton?
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fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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fibrous joints are ___.
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immoveable
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cartilaginous joints are ___.
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slightly moveable
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synovial joints are ___ moveable and the articulating bones are fastened together and stabilized by ligaments.
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freely
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what kind of joint is created by the rounded end of a bone articulating with a bony socket in the other bone?
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ball and socket
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what occurs when ligaments are torn from their attachmets?
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sprain
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what occurs when muscles are stretched or torn?
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strain
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what kind of muscle is voluntary?
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skeletal
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what is necessary for contraction of skeletal muscles?
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motor neurons
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how many skeletal muscles are in the body?
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600+
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what are skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton by?
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tendons
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what does the somatic system do?
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the motor neurons that go to skeletal muscle or glands are part of the somatic system.
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what does the autonomic system do?
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effectors, glands, and cardiac muscle are not under your control and function automatically.
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that are the two divisions of the autonomic system?
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sympathetic, parasymphathetic
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what are neurons?
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specialized cells that receive, encode and transmit information by generating a nerve impulse.
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do neurons reproduce?
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no
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where are most neurons found?
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CNS
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what is neuroglia?
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cells that support and protect neurons and do reproduce.
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what are most brain tumors composed of?
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neuroglia
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what contains the organelles and nucleus?
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cell body
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what are tree-like cytoplasmic extensions that bring info to the cell body from other neurons?
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dendrites
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what make up the white matter in the nervous system and carry info away from cell body to target cells?
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axons
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what is a bundle of axons?
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nerve
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what are the 5 senses?
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hearing, sight, sound, touch, smell
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what are sensitive to light?
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photorecptors
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what includes all receptors that respond to mechanical energy?
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mechanoreceptors
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whar are sensitive to chemicals?
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chemoreceptors
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what conveys messages to the CNS?
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interneurons
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what are found completely within the CNS?
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interneurons
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what are motor neurons part of?
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PNS
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what are the gaps in between the neurons called?
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synaptic gaps
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what are the chemicals that carry the signal across a synapse?
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neurotransmitters.
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what is the tough outer layer of your eye?
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sclera
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what is the clear curved part of the sclera that allows light to enter the eye?
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cornea
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what is the window of the eye?
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cornea
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what is the middle layer of the eye called?
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choroid
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what is in the choroid?
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iris, pupil, lens, ciliary muscles
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what is curved and light is refracted as it passes through?
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lens
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what changes the shape of the lens to accommodate variable distances?
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ciliary muscles
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what is the inner lining of the eye?
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retina
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what is in the retina?
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fovea centralis, optic nerve, humors, aqueous humor, vitreous humor
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what is watery and primarily in the front of the eye?
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aqueous humor
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what is a thicker fluid in the eye?
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vitreous humor
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what does the outer ear consist of?
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pinna, auditory canal
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what part of the ear functions to collect and chanel sound waves to the ear drum?
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outer ear
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what is in the middle ear?
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tympanic membrane (ear drum), maleus, anvil, stirrup
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what part of the ear functions to amplify the vibrations of the eardrum?
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middle ear
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what is in the inner ear?
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cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
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what part of the ear contains fluid?
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inner
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what are the 4 types of taste buds?
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bitter, sweet, salty, sour
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trace the light through an eye.
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cornea-->pupil/iris-->lens--> retina--> rods/cones
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trace the sound through an ear.
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auditory canal-->eardrum--> oval window--> hair cells--> brain
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