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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four basic tissue types:
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
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Connective Tissue:
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Support, Connection, and Protection
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Muscle Tissue:
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Movement
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Epithelial Tissue:
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Lining and protection
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Nervous Tissue:
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Electrical message generation and propagation
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Basic Organ Systems:
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Integumentary, Nervous, Muscular, Skeletal, Circulatory, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Respirtory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
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The 2 Layers of skin:
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Dermis and Epidermis
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Your skin:
A.) Is an organ B.) Contains melanin C.) Has two layers D.) All of the Above |
D
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BONE IS _____ TISSUE.
A.) EPITHELIAL B.) CONNECTIVE C.) TRANSITORY D.) STIGMATORY |
B
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ELECTRICAL MESSAGES ARE GENERATED AND TRANSMITTED BY:
A.) EPITHELIAL TISSUE B.) CONNECTIVE TISSUE C.) NERVOUS TISSUE D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
C
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3 TYPES OF SKELETAL SYSTEMS:
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HYDROSTATIC SKELETON, EXOSKELOTON, ENDOSKELETON
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THE AREAS OF CONTACT OR NEAR CONTACT BETWEEN BONES
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JOINT
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STRAPS OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE AT MANY JOINTS, SUCH AS KNEES
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LIGAMENTS
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FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:
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THEY CONTRACT (SHORTEN) IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION, THEN PASSIVELY RETURN TO A RESTING POSITION (LENGTHEN).
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WHICH BODY SYSTEM TELLS SKELETAL MUSCLES TO CONTRACT?
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SARCOMERES
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HORSES, DOGS, AND CATS HAVE A/AN:
A.) ENDOSKELETON B.) EXOSKELETON C.) HYDROSTATIC SKELETON D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
A
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BONES ARE HELD TOGETHER AT JOINTS WITH:
A.) SPICULES B.) LIGAMENTS C.) EPITHELIAL TISSUE D.) KLINGONITE |
B
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WE WOULD FIND A TENDON:
A.) IN THE DERMIS B.) ATTACHING A MUSCLE TO A BONE C.) IN THE EPIDERMIS D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
B
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SKELETAL MUSCLES:
A.) CONTRACT B.) INTERACT WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM C.) RECEIVE CONTRACTION COMMANDS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD:
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A FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT MOVES OXYGEN, NUTRIENTS, AND OTHER SOLUTES TO CELLS. IT CARRIES AWAY METABOLIC WASTES AND SECRETIONS, INCLUDING HORMONES. BLOOD HELPS STABILIZE INTERNAL pH AND IS A HIGHWAY FOR CELLS AND PROTEINS THAT DEFEND AND REPAIR TISSUES.
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COMPONENTS OF BLOOD:
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PLASMA, RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, AND PLATELETS.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF ANEMIAS:
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DISORDERS RESULTING FROM DEFORMED OR INSUFFICIENT QUANTITY OF RED BLOOD CELLS.
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FIVE TYPES OF VESSELS:
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JUGULAR VEINS, RENAL VEIN, FEMORAL VEIN, PULMONARY VEINS, ILIAC VEINS
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PULMONARY CIRCUIT FOR BLOOD FLOW:
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OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD FLOWS FROM THE HEART'S RIGHT HALF, THROUGH BOTH LUNGS, THEN FLOWS BACK TO THE HEART. IN THE LUNGS, IT TAKES UP OXYGEN AND GIVES UP CARBON DIOXIDE.
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SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT FOR BLOOD FLOW:
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OXYGENATED BLOOD FLOWS FROM THE HEART'S LEFT HALF AND AORTA TO CAPILLARY BEDS OF ALL METABOLICALLY ACTIVE REGIONS. THERE IT GIVES UP OXYGEN AND TAKES UP CARBON DIOXIDE, THEN MOVES TO THE HEART'S RIGHT HALF.
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CHAMBERS OF THE HEART:
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THE RIGHT VENTRICLE IS THE PUMP FOR THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT (OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD TO THE LUNGS) AND THE LEFT VENTRICLE PUMPS OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD TO THE BODY (SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT)
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WHY BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES AS BLOOD WORKS ITS WAY THROUGH THE SYSTEM...
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BLOOD RUBS AGAINST THE VESSEL WALLS, AND THAT FRICTION IMPEDES ITS FLOW. RESISTANCE TO FLOW DEPENDS MAINLY ON HOW WIDE THE BLOOD VESSELS ARE.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF CAPILLARIES:
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SMALL VESSELS THAT FORM DIFFUSION ZONES. EVERYWHERE IN THE BODY.
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HYPERTENSION
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A CHRONICALLY HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE EVEN DURING REST. THIS CHRONIC CONDITION IS CALLED A "SILENT KILLER", BECAUSE OUTWARD SYMPTOMS DO NOT ALWAYS SHOW UP.
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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INCLUDES LYMPH NODES AND OTHER LYMPHOID ORGANS THAT HAVE SPECIFIC ROLES IN DEFENDING THE BODY AGAINST TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
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WHICH WOULD BE THE BEST DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?
A.) REVERSE OSMOSIS B.) SPECIATION C.) TRANSPORTATION D.) AVOCATION |
C
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RED BLOOD CELLS:
A.) CARRY OXYGEN B.) LIVE FOR 10-20 YEARS C.) ARE ACTUALLY BLUE D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
A
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL?
A.) ATRIUM B.) VEIN C.) VENULE D.) ARTERIOLE |
A
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THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT CARRIES:
A.) OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART B.) OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART C.) OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD AWAY FROM THE LUNGS D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
B
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MATERIALS MOVE TO AND FROM YOUR BLOOD THROUGH THE WALLS OF THE:
A.) ATRIA B.) AORTA C.) CAPILLARIES D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
C
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IMPORTANCE OF SURFACE BARRIERS:
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SKIN-KEEPS BAD THINGS FROM GETTING IN OUR BODIES
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INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE:
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INFLAMMATION DEVELOPS AS PART OF NONSPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC DEFENSES. THE TISSUE UNDER A TTACK WARMS AND REDDENS AS LOCAL ASTERIOLES VASODILATE. EDEMA, CAUSED BY A FLUID INBALANCE ACROSS THE WALL OF CAPILLARIES, SWELLS THE TISSUE AND CAUSES PAIN.
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B AND T LYMPHOCYTES:
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DISTINGUISH SELF FROM NONSELF. THEY IGNORE NORMAL BODY CELLS BUT NOT PATHOGENS, PARASITES, AND INFECTED OR ALTERED BODY CELLS, ALL OF WHICH HAVE FOREIGN OR ALTERED MOLECULAR CONFIGURATIONS AT THEIR SURFACE.
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MACROPHAGES:
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ENGULF INVADERS AND DEBRIS, AND SECRETE CHEMICAL MEDIATORS.
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COMPLEMENT PROTEINS:
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TARGET INVADERS FOR DESTRUCTION.
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ANTIGEN
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ANY MOLECULE THAT INCITES DIVISIONS OF B AND T CELLS AND BECOMES THEIR TARGET
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ANTIBODIES
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A TYPE OF MOLECULE WITH REGIONS THAT CAN BIND SPECIFIC ANTIGENS; PROTEINS; ACTIVATED B CELLS MAKE AND SECRETE ANTIBODIES TAHT TARGET SPECIFIC ANTIGEN.
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IMPORTANCE OF LYMPH NODES:
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DURING INFECTION, WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND ANTIBODY MOLECULES ACCUMULATE INSIDE LYMPH NODES. HENCE THE SWOLLEN "LUMPS" YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED FROM TIME TO TIME UNDER THE JAW AND ELSEWHERE WHEN YOU ARE SICK.
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HOW CANCEROUS CELLS CAN FOOL OUR IMMUNITY:
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CANCEROUS CELLS CONTAIN UNUSUAL MOLECULES THAT ARE ANTIGENIC. THUS, OUR IMMUNITY ALLOWS US TO DETECT AND DESTROY THOSE CELLS, UNLESS THEY CAN FOOL OUR IMMUNITY.
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ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
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AN ANTIGEN-CONTAINING PREPARATION KNOWN AS A VACCINE IS TAKEN ORALLY OR IS INJECTED INTO THE BODY.
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PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
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HELPS THOSE WHO ARE ALREADY BATTLING HEPATITIS B, TETANUS, RABIES, AND A FEW OTHER DISEASES.
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ALLERGY
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EXPOSURE TO HARMLESS PROTEINS TRIGGERS INFLAMMATION, EXCESS SECRETION OF MUCUS, AND IMMUNE RESPONSES. ANY SUBSTANCE THAT ORDINARILY IS HARMLESS AND YET PROMOTES SUCH RESPONSES IS CALLED AN ALLERGEN.
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ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
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A LIFE-THREATENING RESPONSE TO AN ALLERGEN. FOR INSTANCE, SOMEONE ALLERGIC TO WASP OR BEE VENOM CAN DIE WITHIN MINUTES OF A STING.
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AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
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WHEN SELF-RECOGNITION FAILS, THE IMMUNE FIGHTERS START AN ATTACK AGAINST THE BODY. THE MISDIRECTED ATTACK ON ONE'S OWN BODY IS CALLED AN AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE. IT CAN SEVERELY DAMAGE TISSUES.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, GRAVES' DISEASE, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS |
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WHICH IS PART OF YOUR IMMUNITY?
A.) A T CELL B.) SKIN C.) A B CELL D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
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ANTIGENS:
A.) CAN NEVER GET THROUGH YOUR SKIN B.) CAN TRIGGER EXPLOSIVE REPRODUCTION OF YOUR T CELLS AND B CELLS C.) ARE ONLY FOUND ON VIRUSES D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
B
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LYMPH NODES ARE:
A.) PARTS OF YOUR SKELETAL SYSTEM B.) IMPORTANT PARTS OF YOUR IMMUNITY C.) NOT FOUND IN YOUR LOWER BODY D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
B
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VACCINATIONS:
A.) ALWAYS INCLUDE LIVE VIRUSES B.) SHUT DOWN YOUR IMMUNITY C.) KILL MOST OF YOUR B CELLS D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
D
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SOMEONE WITH AN ALLERGIC RESPONSE:
A.) IS BEING AFFECTED BY ANTIGENS B.) USUALLY EXPERIENCES ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK C.) HAS NO T CELLS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
A
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SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFUSION IN RESPRIRATION:
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THE PROCESS OF RESPRIATION SUPPLIES ANIMAL CELLS WITH OXYGEN FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION AND REMOVES THIS METABOLIC PATHWAY'S CARBON DIOXIDE WASTES FROM THE BODY.
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HEMOGLOBIN
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RESPIRATORY PROTEIN IN RED BLOOD CELLS; CONSISTS OF FOUR POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS AND FOUR HEME GROUPS.
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RESPIRATION PATHWAY IN YOUR BODY:
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NASAL CAVITY-ORAL CAVITY-ALVEOLI (MILLIONS OF AIR SACS)
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BRONCHITIS/ EMPHYSEMA
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BRONCHITIS: EPITHELIAL CELLS BECOME IRRITATED AND THEY SECRETE TOO MUCH MUCUS. MUCUS ACCUMULATES AND BACTERIA MAY GROW IN IT. COUGHING EXPELS THE SECRETIONS.
EMPHYSEMA: TISSUE-DESTROYING BACTERIAL ENZYMES GO TO WORK ON THE THIN, STRETCHABLE WALLS OF ALVEOLI. THE WALLS CRUMBLE, AND INELASTIC FIBROUS TISSUE BUILDS UP AROUND THEM...CHRONIC BRONCHITIS CAN PAVE WAY FOR EMPHYSEMA |
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OXYGEN:
A.) ENTERS YOUR BLOOD AS A RESULT OF DIFFUSION B.) IS CARRIED BY HEMOGLOBIN C.) DIFFUSES INTO CAPILLARIES D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
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THE LARYNX IS BETWEEN THE:
A.) TRACHEA AND BRONCHI B.) TRACHEA AND ALVEOLI C.) PHARYNX AND TRACHEA D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
C
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HEMOGLOBIN:
A.) CAN BOTH PICK UP AND RELEASE OXYGEN B.) CARRIES OXYGEN TO YOUR CELLS C.) CARRIES CARBON DIOXIDE AWAY FROM YOUR CELLS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DOES NOT BELONG?
A.) TRACHEA B.) VENTRICLE C.) BRONCHIOLE D.) ALVEOLUS |
B
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WITH EMPHYSEMA, THE LUNGS:
A.) BECOME LESS ELASTIC B.) PRODUCE MORE ALVEOLI C.) GROW MORE CILIA D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
A
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5 BASIC TASKS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
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MECHANICAL PROCESSING AND MOTILITY
SECRETION DIGESTION ABSORPTION ELIMINATION |
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FUNCTIONS OF MOUTH, TEETH, AND TONGUE:
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MECHANICAL DIGESTION-CHEWING
CHEMICAL DIGESTION-CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN |
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SIGNIFICANCE OF SALIVA:
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CHEWING MIXES FOOD WITH SALIVA, MOSTLY WATER IN WHICH SALIVARY AMYLASE, BICARBONATE, AND MUCINS ARE DISSOLVED. CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION STARTS INSIDE THE MOUTH.
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PHARYNX
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A TUBULAR ENTRANCE TO THE ESOPHAGUS AND TO THE TRACHEA, AN AIRWAY TO THE LUNGS. AS FOOD LEAVES THE PHARYNX, THE EPIGLOTTIS (A FLAP-LIKE VALVE) AND THE VOCAL CORDS CLOSE THE TRACHEA TO PREVENT BREATHING. THAT IS WHY YOU NORMALLY DON'T CHOKE AS YOU SWALLOW FOOD.
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ESOPHAGUS
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A MUSCULAR TUBE THAT PROPELS FOOD FROM THE PHARYNX AND PAST THE SPHINCTER AT THE START OF THE STOMACH.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH
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A MUSCULAR, STRETCHABLE SAC. IT MECHANICALLY MIXES AND STORES INGESTED FOOD. IT SECRETES SUBSTANCES THAT HELP DISSOLVE AND DEGRADE FOOD, ESPESSIALLY PROTEINS. IT HELPS CONTROL THE PASSAGE OF FOOD INTO THE SMALL INTESTINE.
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SMALL INTESTINE IN CHEMICAL DIGESTION
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CARBOHYDRATE BREAKDOWN STARTS IN THE MOUTH AND PROTEIN BREAKDOWN STARTS IN THE STOMACH. IN THE SMALL INTESTINE, MOST LARGE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE DIGESTED TO MOLECULES SMALL ENOUGH TO BE ABSORBED.
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PANCREAS
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SECRETES ENZYMES THAT BREAK DOWN ALL MAJOR FOOD MOLECULES; SECRETES INSULIN, A HORMONAL CONTROL OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM.
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LIVER
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SECRETES BILE (FOR EMULSIFYING FAT); ROLES IN CARBOHYDRATE, FAT, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM.
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SMALL INTESTINE IN ABSORPTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FOLDS:
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WITH ITS RICHLY FOLDED MUCOSA, MILLIONS OF VILLI, AND HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF MICROVILLI, THE SMALL INTESTINE HAS A VAST SURFACE FOR ABSORBING NUTRIENTS.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION:
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CHEMICAL DIGESTION BREAKS VERY LARGE MOLECULES DOWN INTO MUCH SMALLER MOLECULES, SMALL ENOUGH TO BE ABSORBED ACROSS THE WALL OF THE GUT.
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BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE (COLON):
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THE COLON FUNCTIONS IN THE ABSORPTION OF WATER AND MINERAL IONS. IT ALSO COMPACTS UNDIGESTED RESIDUES INTO FECES, WHICH ARE STORED IN THE RECTUM, THE FINAL PART OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT.
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VITAMINS/MINERALS:
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VITAMINS: ORGANIC SUBSTANCES THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR GROWTH AND SURVIVAL; NO OTHER SUBSTANCE CAN CARRY OUT THEIR METABOLIC FUNCTIONS.
MINERALS: INORGANIC SUBSTANCES THAT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR GROWTH AND SURVIVAL BECAUSE NO OTHER SUBSTANCES CAN SERVE THEIR METABOLIC FUNCTIONS. |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF A COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
A.) ABSORPTION B.) SAPORIFICATION C.) SECRETION D.) ELIMINATION |
B
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THE STOMACH IS BETWEEN THE:
A.) PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS B.) ESOPHAGUS AND SMALL INSTESTINE C.) DUODENUM AND JEJUNUM D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
B
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MOST ABSORPTION OCCURS FROM THE:
A.) STOMACH B.) LARGE INTESTINE C.) SMALL INTESTINE D.) COLON |
C
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT IN DIGESTION?
A.) STOMACH B.) SMALL INTESTINE C.) PANCREAS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
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ALL VITAMINS:
A.) ARE ACTUALLY MINERALS B.) ARE INORGANIC COMPOUNDS C.) CAN BE SAFELY CONSUMED IN LARGE AMOUNTS D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
D
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URINARY SYSTEM IN WASTE ELIMINATION
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URINE IS A FLUID THAT RIDS THE BODY OF WATER AND SOLUTES THAT EXCEED AMOUNTS REQUIRED FOR THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID.
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COMPONENTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
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KIDNEY-URETER-URINARY BLADDER-URETHRA
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SIGNIFICANCE OF NEPHRON
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SMALL, SLENDER TUBULES ARE PACKED IN LOBES THAT EXTEND FROM THE KIDNEY CORTEX DOWN INTO THE CENTRAL MEDULLA. THE KIDNEY CONTAINS MORE THAN A MILLION NEPHRONS.
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FILTRATION
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A MOVEMENT OF WATER AND SMALL SOLUTES FROM THE GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES INTO BOWMAN'S CAPSULE.
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TUBULAR REABSORPTION
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PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES RECLAIM MOST OF THE WATER AND SOLUTES IN THE PROXIMAL TUBULE.
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TUBULAR SECRETION
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MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS IN CAPILLARY CELLS MOVE THESE WASTES INTO INTERSTITIAL FLUID. THEN TRANSPORT PROTEINS OF CELLS IN THE NEPHRON WALL SHUTTLE THEM INTO THE URINE.
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ECTOTHERM/ENDOTHERM
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ECTOTHERM: "HEATED FROM OUTSIDE", WHEN THE OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE CHANGES, ECTOTHERMS ARE ONLY ABLE TO MAKE BEHAIVORAL ADJUSTMENTS. THEY GENERALLY HAVE LOW METABOLIC RATES AND VERY LITTLE INSULATION.
ENDOTHERM: "HEAT FROM WITHIN", THEY HAVE RELATIVELY HIGH METABOLIC RATES. FUR, FAT, OR FEATHERS CAN FUNCTION IN INSULATION AND MINIMIZE HEAT LOSS. |
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IMPORTANCE OF SWEATING
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MAMMALS COUNTER HEAT STRESS BY WIDESPREAD PERIPHERAL VASODILATION IN SKIN AND EVAPORATIVE WATER LOSS.
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IMPORTANCE OF SHIVERING
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MAMMALS COUNTER COLD STRESS BY VASOCONSTRICTION IN SKIN, BEHAIVORAL ADJUSTMENTS, INCREASED MUSCLE ACTIVITY, AND SHIVERING AND NONSHIVERING HEAT PRODUCTION.
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A FUNCTION OF YOUR URINARY SYSTEM?
A.) REGULATING BODY FLUID LEVELS B.) METABOLIC WASTE ELIMINATION C.) RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE D.) ELIMINATING TOXIC MATERIALS |
C
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A COMPONENT OF THE URINARY SYSTEM?
A.) APPENDIX B.) URETHRA C.) URINARY BLADDER D.) ALL OF THESE ARE COMPONENTS OF THAT SYSTEM |
A
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THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF A KIDNEY IS THE:
A.) LOBULE B.) ALVEOLUS C.) NEPHRON D.) CYSTRON |
C
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT INVOLVED IN URINE FORMATION?
A.) TUBULAR REABSORPTION B.) COLLECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION C.) FILTRATION D.) TUBULAR SECRETION |
B
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ENDOTHERMS:
A.) HAVE VERY LOW BODY TEMPERATURES B.) DON'T REGULATE THEIR BODY TEMPERATURES C.) INCLUDE YOU AND ME D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
C
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SENSORY NEURON
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DETECT AND RELAY THE INFORMATION TO THE BRAIN AND, IF THE ANIMAL HAS ONE, A SPINAL CORD.
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INTERNEURON
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ONLY HOUSED BY THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD; WHICH DO MORE THAN RECIEVE SENSORY INFORMATION AND ISSUE CALLS FOR RESPONSE.
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MOTOR NEURON
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DELIVER COMMANDS FROM OTHER NEURONS TO MUSCLES OR GLANDS, THE BODY'S EFFECTORS, WHICH CARRY OUT RESPONSES.
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AXON
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A SLENDOR, TYPICALLY LONG EXTENSION THAT IS THE NEURON'S CONDUCTING ZONE. AXON ENDINGS, WHICH ARE COMMONLY BRANCHED, ARE OUTPUT ZONES WHERE INFORMATION MAY BE PASSED TO OTHER CELLS.
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DENDRITE
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SHORT, SLENDOR EXTENSION FROM CELL BODY OF A NEURON; A SIGNAL INPUT ZONE.
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ACTION POTENTIALS
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BRIEF REVERSAL IN THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF AN EXCITABLE CELL.
THE SAME NEURON MAY GENERATE 100 (OR MORE) ACTION POTENTIALS IN ONE SECOND. |
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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THESE ARE A TYPE OF SIGNALING MOLECULE THAT DIFFUSES ACROSS CHEMICAL SYNAPSES.
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EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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HELP DRIVE THE MEMBRANE TOWARD THE THRESHOLD OF AN ACTION POTENTIAL.
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INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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PULLS THE MEMBRANE AWAY FROM THE THRESHOLD.
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SYNAPTIC INTERGRATION
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A POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON SUMS ALL SIGNALS FROM DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION LINES THAT REACH ITS INPUT ZONE AT THE SAME TIME.
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NERVE
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CABLE LIKE STRUCTURE; LONG-DISTANCE CABLES BETWEEN BODY REGIONS.
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REFLEX ARCS
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REFLEXES ARE THE MOST ANCIENT PATHS OF INFORMATION FLOW. A REFLEX IS A MOVEMENT OR SOME OTHER RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS THAT HAPPENS AUTOMATICALLY, NO THOUGHT REQUIRED.
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2 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
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BRAIN & SPINAL CORD
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SENSORY/MOTOR NEURONS
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SENSORY: ASSIST IN THE PERCEPTION OF WHAT SPECIFIC SENSATIONS MEAN.
MOTOR: AFFECT VOLUNTARY MOTOR ACTIVITY |
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SYMPATHETIC NERVES
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DOMINATE IN TIMES OF STRESS, EXCITEMENT, OR DANGER. HOUSEKEEPING TASKS, SUCH AS DIGESTION, ARE SET ASIDE AND AWARENESS IS HEIGHTENED AS THE BODY PREPARES TO FIGHT OR ESCAPE FROM THREATS OR TO FROLIC, AS IN PLAY OR SEXUAL BEHAIVOR.
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PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES
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DOMINATE WHEN THE BODY IS NOT RECEIVING MUCH OUTSIDE STIMULATION. THEY TEND TO SLOW DOWN OVERALL ACTIVITY AND DIVERT THE BODY'S ENERGIES TO HOUSEKEEPING TASKS, SUCH AS DIGESTION.
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2 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD:
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TO RELAY INFORMATION TO AND FROM THE BRAIN AND REFLEXES.
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
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CONTROLS EMOTIONS AND HAS ROLES IN MEMORY.
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TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS
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MECHANORECEPTORS, PAIN RECEPTORS, THERMORECEPTORS, CHEMORECEPTORS, OSMORECEPTORS, PHOTORECEPTORS.
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OLFACTION/ OLFACTORY
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OLFACTION: SENSE OF SMELL
OLFACTROY: TASTE RECEPTORS |
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INSIDE EACH EAR CONSISTS OF 2 SACS- THE UTRICLE AND THE SACCULE- ALONG WITH 3 SEMICIRCULAR CANALS.
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VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
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EARS OF LAND VERTABRATES COLLECT, AMPLIFY, AND SORT OUT SOUND WAVES. IN THE INNER EAR, SOUND WAVES PRODUCE FLUID PRESSURE VARIATIONS AND TRIGGER ACTION POTENTIALS IN HAIR CELLS.
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HEARING
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OUTER, MIDDLE, AND INNER EAR
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OUTER: PINNA, AUDITORY CANAL
MIDDLE: EARDRUM, EAR BONES INNER: VESTIBULAR APPARATUS COCHLEA |
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CORNEA, IRIS, PUPIL, LENS, RETINA, FOVEA, OPTIC NERVE
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CORNEA: FOCUSES LIGHT
IRIS: ADJUSTING IRIS CONTROLS INCOMING LIGHT PUPIL: SERVES AS ENTRANCE FOR LIGHT LENS: FOCUSES LIGHT ON PHOTORECEPTORS RETINA: ABSORBS, TRANSDUCES LIGHT ENERGY FOVEA: INCREASES VISUAL ACUITY OPTIC NERVE: CARRIES SIGNALS TO BRAIN |
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ROD CELLS/ CONE CELLS
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ROD CELLS: OUTER SEGMENT IS FOLDED INTO SEVERAL HUNDRED MEMBRANE DISKS, EACH CONTAINING A HUNDRED MILLION MOLECULES OF THE VISUAL PIGMENT RHODOPSIN.
CONE CELLS: THE SENSE OF COLOR AND OF DAYTIME VISION STARTS WITH PHOTON ABSORPTION BY CONE CELLS. THERE ARE 3 TYPES, AND EACH HAS A DIFFERENT PIGMENT. ONE IS BEST AT ABSORBING RED WAVELENGTHS, ANOTHER BLUE, AND A THIRD GREEN. NORMAL VISION REQUIRES ALL 3 TYPES. |
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NEURON MESSAGES WOULD MOVE FROM A DENDRITE EVENTUALLY TO:
A.) AN AXON B.) THE KLINGON C.) A GOLGI BODY D.) A RIBOSOME |
A
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NERVOUS SYSTEM MESSAGES ARE PROPAGATED AS:
A.) REVERSE CODONS B.) DIRECT CODONS C.) ACTION POTENTIALS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
C
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MESSAGES ARE SENT ACROSS SYNAPSES:
A.) CHEMICALLY B.) WITH NEUROTRANSMITTERS C.) BY NEURONS D.) ALL OF THE ABOVE |
D
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THE SPINAL CORD:
A.) STORES MEMORIES B.) DOES MOST OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM'S INTEGRATION C.) RELAYS INFORMATION D.) NONE OF THE ABOVE |
C
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A COMPONENT OF THE EYE?
A.) CONE B.) SCLERA C.) FOVEA D.) ORGAN OF CORTI |
D
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