Biology Test 3

Front 1

chromosomes are comprised of?

Back 1

60% protein 35 DNA 5 RNA

Front 2

histones

Back 2

proteins that give the dna something to wrap around

Front 3

diploid number is

Back 3

2N =46

Front 4

haploid

Back 4

1N - 23

Front 5

meiosis

Back 5

when diploid becomes haploid… sex cells

Front 6

somatic cells are

Back 6

body cells and are mitosis

Front 7

phases of mitosis are

Back 7

ipmat

Front 8

mitosis interphase

Back 8

the phase where the cell isnt dividing. Period of cell growth

Front 9

G1

Back 9

happens in mitosis… cell is nondividing, incease in cell size, increases enzyme required for DNA synthesis

Front 10

S phase

Back 10

this is where DNA and centrioles replicate

Front 11

G2

Back 11

increase in protein synthesis

Front 12

mitosis - prophase

Back 12

nuclear membrane breaks apart, chromosomes are visible, spindle fibers start forming, centrioles move to each side of the cell, spindle fibers form and attach to centromere

Front 13

mitosis metaphase -

Back 13

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Front 14

mitosis anaphase

Back 14

centromere break apart and spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite sides

Front 15

mitosos- telophase

Back 15

cleavage forms and cytokenesis begins

Front 16

cytokenesis

Back 16

division of cytoplasm. Pinches the cell in two-- producing daugher cells 2

Front 17

what is the chemical formula for photosynthesis

Back 17

6C02 + 12H20 --->light energy---> C6H1206 + 6O2 + 6H20 (carbon dioxide and water plus light energy ends in glucose carbon dioxide and water

Front 18

What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration

Back 18

602 + C6H1206 -----> 38 ATP+ 6C02 + 6H20

Front 19

stoma

Back 19

opening

Front 20

light reactions require

Back 20

water, solar energy, ADP + P to produce ATP, NADP+ to produce NADPH

Front 21

chemiosmosis

Back 21

the diffusion of ions across the membranes

Front 22

C3 plants

Back 22

oats, wheat, rice

Front 23

examples of C4 plants

Back 23

corn and sugarcane - photosynthesis takes place in the budle sheath cells

Front 24

Where are the choloroplasts in C4 plants

Back 24

in their bundle sheath cells

Front 25

metabolism

Back 25

the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells

Front 26

energy metabolism

Back 26

includes all of the reactions which the body obtains ande spends the energy from food

Front 27

anabolic reactions

Back 27

small molecules + large (requires ATP) "up" takes energy

Front 28

catabolic reactions

Back 28

large molecules are broken down to smaller ones .. Breaks bonds which usually releases energy

Front 29

ATP

Back 29

adenine triphosphate a high energy compound

Front 30

aerobic

Back 30

requires 02

Front 31

anaerobic

Back 31

does not require 02

Front 32

when do you need ATP

Back 32

whenever youre making something

Front 33

glycolysis happens where?

Back 33

in the cytosol

Front 34

TCA cycle happens where

Back 34

matrix of the mitochondria

Front 35

Electron Transport happens where

Back 35

across the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 36

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 36

ATP - matrix of the mitochondria

Front 37

Glucose's composition

Back 37

glucose is a 6 Carbon sugar, and requires ADP+P and 2 ATP in order to break it down into 2 sets of 3 Carbons

Front 38

Transcription

Back 38

the process where the genetic code on the DNA is transcribed to mRNA. (happens before translation) - DNA unwinds and RNA is created to match the nucleotides ATGC-AUGC

Front 39

exons

Back 39

coding region of a gene (mRNA portion that leaves the nuclesu)

Front 40

introns

Back 40

the non-coding segments that stay in the nucleus and are recycled

Front 41

translation

Back 41

happens in MRNA - at the ribosomes

Front 42

triplet

Back 42

three nucleotides in a row on DNA

Front 43

codon

Back 43

three nucleotides on the messenger rna

Front 44

anticodon

Back 44

TRNA

Front 45

germ line cells

Back 45

sex cells

Front 46

mitosis occurs in…

Back 46

somatic cells

Front 47

karyotypes

Back 47

the chromosome images in an orderly array

Front 48

homologous chromosomes

Back 48

a pair of chromosomes each resembling each other in shape and size

Front 49

males sex chromosomes

Back 49

XY

Front 50

female sex chromosomes

Back 50

XX

Front 51

autosomes

Back 51

a chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism

Front 52

gametes have how many sets of chromosomes

Back 52

23

Front 53

what are differences between mitosis and meiosis

Back 53

mitosis: has crossing over, takes place in somatic cells, starts with a diploid and ends with a diploid, ends with 2 genetically identical cells, homologuos chromosomes don’t paid, undergoes only one set of phases meiosis: has crossing over, takes place in germ-line cells, starts with diploid and ends with haploid, ends with 4 genetically different cells, 2 sets of division phases, homologous chromosomes pair

Front 54

genes

Back 54

a sequence of DNA nucleotides that code for a specific protein chain

Front 55

traits

Back 55

constitute the physical, biochemical and physiological make up of every cell in the body

Front 56

phenotyp

Back 56

organisms appearance, what you can see or measure

Front 57

genotype

Back 57

specific alleles that an individual inherits from their parents

Front 58

alleles

Back 58

a single trait is governed by combining alternative forms of genes… B and b

Front 59

homozygous recessive

Back 59

bb

Front 60

heterozygous

Back 60

Bb

Front 61

homozygous dominant

Back 61

BB

Front 62

Brown eyes are dominant over blue

Front 63

simple inheritance

Back 63

an autosomal trait- the gene is located on many of the chromosomes

Front 64

sex linked inhertiance

Back 64

the gene for that trait is located on the X chromosome

Front 65

XhXh

Back 65

hemopheliac female

Front 66

XhX

Back 66

normal female (but a carrier)

Front 67

XhY

Back 67

hemopheliac male

Front 68

alleles of blood type A

Back 68

AA, Ai

Front 69

alleles of blood type B

Back 69

BB, Bi

Front 70

alleles of blood type O

Back 70

ii

Front 71

alleles of blood type AB

Back 71

AB

Front 72

Downs Syndrome

Back 72

three copies of chromosome 21

Front 73

Edwards syndrome

Back 73

three copies of chromosome 18

Front 74

Aerobic Processes are…

Back 74

Krebs Cycle (also called the Citric Acid cycle or the TCA cycle

Front 75

Where in the cell does Calvin Cycle take place?

Back 75

Across the thylakoid membrane

Front 76

During photosynthsis, where do H+ accumulate in order to travel through specific channels during chemiosmosis

Back 76

thylakoid space

Front 77

where in the cell does glycolysis take place

Back 77

cytosol

Front 78

mendels law of segregation

Back 78

units of inheritance exist in pairs,.. In the formation of sex cells, the pairs separate and ends that each gamate has one kind of each

Front 79

monosomy aka turners syndrome

Back 79

45 chromosomes - one X chromosome is missing

Front 80

trisomy XXX -

Back 80

superfemale -- when an extra X chromosome is present

Front 81

Klinefelters = XXY

Back 81

occurs when there is an extra X chomromosome in the precense of at Y

Front 82

supermale

Back 82

condition occurs when an extra chromosome Y is present

Front 83

trisomy 21 - down's syndrome

Back 83

condition occurs when an extra chromosome 21 is present

Front 84

stages of meiosis are?

Back 84

interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 and cytokenesis, then prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase 2

Front 85

prohase 1

Back 85

homologous chromosomes pair up, and cross over.

Front 86

metaphase 1

Back 86

microtubules attach to chromosome and chromosomes are positioned to move to opposite sides of the cell

Front 87

anapahase 1

Back 87

sister chromatids migrate as pairs toward oppsite ends

Front 88

telophase 1

Back 88

two haploid cells form, and chromosomes are still double