Biology Test #3

Front 1

Photosynthesis

Back 1

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy

Front 2

Autotroph

Back 2

producers, use CO2 to make organic molecules

Front 3

Heterotroph

Back 3

consumer; acquire organic compounds from other organism

Front 4

Chloroplast

Back 4

The site of photosynthesis
(plant version of the mitochondria)

-outer membrane
-inner membrane
-thylakoid

Front 5

Mesophyll

Back 5

Tissue in the interior of a leaf; where most of the chloroplast resides

Front 6

Stomata

Back 6

pores in the surface of a leaf that allow gas exchange; this is where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits.

Front 7

stroma

Back 7

dense fluid where the thylakoid reside

Front 8

thylakoid

Back 8

Chlorophyll resides in these sacs

Front 9

Grana (Granum singular)

Back 9

the stack of Thylakoid

Front 10

Chlorophyll

Back 10

green pigment in the thylakoid membrane

Front 11

Two stages of Photosynthesis

Back 11

Light Reaction - (the photo part) ATP produced in this reaction goes to only power the Calvin Cycle, not to power other processes

Calvin Cycle - (The synthesis part)

Front 12

Pigments

Back 12

Substances that absorb light

3 types:
Chlorophyll A (captures most of the light)

Chlorophyll B
Carotenoids

Front 13

Photosystem

Back 13

Two types Photosystem 1 (PSI) and Photosystem 2 (PSII)
They were named in the order they were discovered, but PSII operates first in the light reactions each has a characteristic reaction-center complex; a particular kind of primary electron acceptor, next to a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules associated with specific proteins.

Consists of:

Light Harvesting Complex -Energy is transferred between chlorophyll molecules

Reaction Center Complex- when energy reaches here, an electron is transferred to the primary electron acceptor

Front 14

photophosphorylation

Back 14

The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP using Chemiosomis

Front 15

NADP

Back 15

the acceptor of the electrons and hydrogen ion derived by the light reaction

Front 16

Light Reaction

Back 16

the part of photosynthesis in which solar energy is converted to chemical energy: water is split providing electrons and hydrogen ions, and giving off oxygen. the light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of the electrons and hydrogen ions from water to an acceptor called NADP(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) where they are temporarily stored. The light reactions use solar power to reduce NADP to NADPH by adding a pair of electrons along with a hydrogen ion. This process also creates ATP via chemiosmosis.

Front 17

Calvin Cycle

Back 17

reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrate by the addition of electrons. The reducing power is provided by NADPH, which acquired its electrons in the light reaction. To convert CO2 to carbohydrate, it also require chemical energy in the form of ATP, which is also generated in the light reaction. so in order to create the sugar this cycle needs NADPH and ATP from the light reaction. Sometimes referred to as "Dark Reactions" in the stroma, CO2 is converted into glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate (G3P) using 9 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH

Front 18

Linear Electron flow

Back 18

Electrons flow from PSII to an ETC (Electron transport Chain) which generates ATP, then to PSI to another ETC to NADP generating NADPH

Front 19

Cell Signaling
(Reception)

Back 19

Target cell's detection of a signaling molecule (ligand)

Front 20

Cell Signaling
(Transduction)

Back 20

conversion of a signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response(can involve a signal transduction pathway)

Front 21

Cell Signaling
(Response)

Back 21

triggering of a specific cellular response

Front 22

Intracellular receptors

Back 22

This signal can pas through the plasma membrane

Front 23

Extracellular Receptor

Back 23

These signals are water soluble, they are transmembrane proteins

Front 24

Signal Transduction Pathway

Back 24

Series of steps in which a received signal is converted into a specific cellular response

Often relies on phosphorylation and changes in protein shape
Key protein:
- protein kinase - transfers phosphate groups form ATP to a protein
- serine/threonine kinase
- tyrosine kinase
- protein phosphotase - removes phosphate groups from a protein

Front 25

Second Messengers

Back 25

Other signal transduction pathways, they are small, water soluble, non-protein molecules or ions

Front 26

Cellular Responses

Back 26

1.) regulation of protein synthesis
2.) regulation of protein activity
3.) regulation of cellular activity

Different cells contain different proteins, so they can respond differentially to signals

Front 27

Apoptosis

Back 27

Programmed Cellular Death
- removes damaged, old cells
- part of normal organism development/operations