Biology Test 2 Ch 6

Front 1

ALL organisms are made of what?

Back 1

Cells.

Front 2

The cell is the simplest/smallest collection of matter that is considered what?

Back 2

Alive.

Front 3

ALL cells are related how?

Back 3

Through there descent from earlier cells.

Front 4

Evolutionary changes take place how?

Back 4

Mutation of DNA.

Front 5

Who was the first person to visualize and document cells through a microscope?

Back 5

Robert Hooke in 1665.

Front 6

The first microscopes, and common laboratory microscopes are what?

Back 6

Light Microscopes, use light refraction to magnify images.

Front 7

What is magnification?

Back 7

The ratio of an object's image size to it's real size.

Front 8

What is resolution?

Back 8

A measure of clarity of an image.

Front 9

What is contrast?

Back 9

The accentuation of differences in parts of an image.

Front 10

What do Electron Microscopes allow us to view?

Back 10

At the organelle level and smaller.

Front 11

How does an Electron Microscope work?

Back 11

Focuses a beam of electrons through or onto the sample.

Front 12

What is an advanced version of the Electron Microscope which allows for the viewing of internal structures?

Back 12

Transmission Electron Microscope.

Front 13

Why can't live cells be observed using a Electron Microscope?

Back 13

They are killed in the process of preparation.

Front 14

What type of microscopy allows for viewing samples in 3D.

Back 14

Confocal and deconvolution microscopy.

Front 15

What is cell fractionation?

Back 15

A method using a centrifuge to separate out cell components based on weight.

Front 16

What is a pellet?

Back 16

Heavier organelles and/or components formed after centrifugation.

Front 17

What is a supernatant?

Back 17

Liquid and other debris above the pellet.

Front 18

How are different size particles separated out during centrfugation?

Back 18

By differing centrifuge speed and solvents containing the samples.

Front 19

What are the two types of cells?

Back 19

1) Procaryotic (Bacteria and Archeae)

2) Eucaryotic (all other cells)

Front 20

What is the plasma barrier?

Back 20

A bounding, selective barrier around all cells.

Front 21

ALL cells have what that come in the form of DNA?

Back 21

Chromosomes.

Front 22

Where does protein synthesis occur in ALMOST all cells?

Back 22

Ribosomes.

Front 23

What is the major difference between eucaryotes and procaryotes?

Back 23

Where their DNA is stored.

Front 24

Eucaryotic cells store their DNA where?

Back 24

In a double membrane bound organelle called the nucleus.

Front 25

Procaryotic cells store their DNA where?

Back 25

In a non-membrane bound region known as a nucleoid because they have no nucleus.

Front 26

What is cytoplasm?

Back 26

The entire interior of the cell minus the nucleus.

Front 27

What type of cell is larger than the other?

Back 27

Eucaryotic > Procaryotic

Front 28

Larger organisms do not have larger cells but?

Back 28

More of them.

Front 29

What is the job of the selective barrier?

Back 29

Allowing passage for oxygen, nutrients, and wastes.

Front 30

What are microvilli?

Back 30

Long thin projections extending out from the surface that increases the surface area of the cell without increasing too much volume.

Front 31

What are the components of the cytoplasm?

Back 31

1) Cytosol

2) Organelle

3) Ion

4) Water

5) Proteins

6) Other biomolecules

Front 32

Eucaryotic cell's genetic instructions are where?

Back 32

In the nucleus.

Front 33

What carries out the genetic instructions in a Eukaryote?

Back 33

The ribosomes.

Front 34

What is important about the nucleus?

Back 34

Contains most of the genes (in DNA/chromosomes).

Front 35

What is the nuclear envelope?

Back 35

A double membrane enclosing the nucleus that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and is perforated by pore structures (nuclear pores).

Front 36

What is the nuclear lamina?

Back 36

A network of protein filaments located on the nuclear side that maintains the shape of the nucleus.

Front 37

What is a chromosome?

Back 37

Compact structure containing many proteins and one long DNA molecule.

Front 38

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Back 38

46

Front 39

What is a chromatin?

Back 39

The complex proteins in a chromosome.

Front 40

What is a nucleolus?

Back 40

A mass of dense granules in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins are combined to make ribosomes.

Front 41

mRNA is made from what?

Back 41

DNA.

Front 42

How does mRNA become a final protein product?

Back 42

Travels through nuclear pores to the rough endoplasmic reticulum where it is translated into a polypeptide and untimely a final protein product.

Front 43

What are ribosomes?

Back 43

Large complexes/groupings that carry out protein synthesis and are made up of rRNA and proteins (protein factories).

Front 44

What are free ribosomes?

Back 44

They circulate in the cytoplasm and are where protein synthesis starts due to the synthesizing of enzymes and proteins destined for the bound ribosomes.

Front 45

What are bound ribosomes?

Back 45

They are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 46

What do bound ribosomes make?

Back 46

Proteins destined for: insertion unto membranes and packaging within organelles.

Front 47

What does the endomembrane system regulate?

Back 47

Protein traffic and performs metabolic function.

Front 48

What is the endomembrane system?

Back 48

The entire membrane system within cells.

Front 49

What does the endomembrane system include?

Back 49

1) nuclear envelope

2) endoplasmic reticulum

3) Golgi apparatus

4) vesicles

5) plasma membrane

Front 50

What are vesicles?

Back 50

Sacs/spheres made of membrane that travel amongst the endomembrane system.

Front 51

What are transport vesicles?

Back 51

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.

Front 52

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 52

An extensive network of membranes where protein synthesis can take place.

Front 53

What is the cisternae?

Back 53

A network of membranous tubules and sacs in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 54

What is a lumen?

Back 54

An internal compartment (cavity) or cisternae space in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 55

Why are the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus in close proximity to each other?

Back 55

Because the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous/attached to the nucleus.

Front 56

What part of the endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes?

Back 56

Smooth.

Front 57

What part of the endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes?

Back 57

Rough.

Front 58

What are the four functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 58

1) synthesis of lipids

2) metabolism of carbohydrates

3) detoxification of drugs and poisons

4) storage of calcium

Front 59

How does the rough endoplasmic reticulum function in protein synthesis?

Back 59

A polypeptide chain grows from a bound ribosome, it extends into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen where it begins the folding process.

Front 60

What are glycoproteins?

Back 60

Secretory proteins that have carbohydrates covalently attached to them.

Front 61

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 61

It is the center for receiving, sorting, shipping, and some manufacturing of proteins.

Front 62

What are the two sides of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 62

Cis side (receiving) and trans side (shipping).

Front 63

What do budding transport vesicles do?

Back 63

Contain modified protein, leave from the trans side & travel to other parts of the cell or get excreted outside the cell.

Front 64

What is a lysosome?

Back 64

A membranous sac of enzymes used to digest macromolecules (digestive compartments).

Front 65

Where to lysosomes work best?

Back 65

In an acidic environment.

Front 66

What is phagocytosis?

Back 66

The engulfing of smaller organisms or materials by surrounding them and consuming.

Front 67

What forms from phagocytosis?

Back 67

Food vacuoles.

Front 68

What is autophagy?

Back 68

The recycling of a cell's own materials.

Front 69

What are vacuoles?

Back 69

Large vesicles that perform various functions and derive from the ER and Golgi (diverse maintenance compartments).

Front 70

What is a contractile vacuole?

Back 70

Pumps excess water out of a protist cell.

Front 71

What is a central vacuole?

Back 71

Contain the sap of a plant cell.

Front 72

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts do?

Back 72

Transforms energy into energy that am organism can use.

Front 73

What is cellular respiration?

Back 73

The metabolic process that converts sugars, fats, and oxygen into the energy molecule ATP.

Front 74

What is mitochondria?

Back 74

The site of cellular respiration.

Front 75

What is a chloroplast?

Back 75

The site of photosynthesis in plants and algae where solar energy is converted into chemical energy.

Front 76

What is the Endosymbiont Theory?

Back 76

Mitochondria and chloroplasts share many similarities with bacteria. States that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an ancestral procaryote and set up a symbiotic relationship that eventually lead the the creation of mitochondria in one case and chloroplasts in another.

Front 77

Evidence to support Endosymbiont Theory?

Back 77

1) they have a double membrane

2) they have their own ribosome and DNA

3) they seem to exist independently of the cell.

Front 78

What is found in NEARLY all eukaryotic cells and number in the hundreds to thousands depending on the amount of cellular respiration occurring?

Back 78

Mitochondria.

Front 79

What is mitochondria cistae?

Back 79

Infoldings (villi-like) found on the inner membrane of the mitochondria's double membrane.

Front 80

What is the intermembrane space?

Back 80

First of two internal compartments found in mitochondria.

Front 81

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

Back 81

Second internal compartment of the mitochondria containing enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes.

Front 82

Where is cellular respiration carried out?

Back 82

In the mitochondrial matrix.

Front 83

Chloroplasts are only found where and carry out what process?

Back 83

Plants, photosynthesis.

Front 84

What is a thylakoid?

Back 84

A membranous system within the chloroplast consisting of flattened sacs.

Front 85

What is a granum?

Back 85

A stack of thylakoid.

Front 86

What is stroma?

Back 86

The fluid outside of the thylakoids.

Front 87

What are the three parts of chloroplast?

Back 87

1) intermembrane space

2) stroma

3) thylakoid space

Front 88

What are plastids?

Back 88

A family of closely related plant organelles.

Front 89

What are the three plastids?

Back 89

1) chloroplast

2) amyloplast

3) chromoplast

Front 90

What is an amyloplast?

Back 90

Colorless organelle that stores starch.

Front 91

What are chromoplasts?

Back 91

Organelles containing pigments that give color.

Front 92

What do Peroxisomes do?

Back 92

Transfers hydrogen atoms into oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide through the use of special enzymes.

Front 93

What are Glyoxysomes?

Back 93

Specialized peroxisomes found in fat-storing tissues of plants.

Front 94

What is the Cytoskeleton?

Back 94

A network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that organizes structures and activities in the cell.

Front 95

What are three main structures in the Cytoskeleton?

Back 95

1) Microtubules

2) Microfilamants

3) Intermediate Filaments

Front 96

What is the role of the Cytoskeleton?

Back 96

Provides mechanical support to the cell wall and maintains its shape.

Front 97

What is a cytoskeleton so important in animals?

Back 97

Because animals lack a strong cell wall.

Front 98

What is cell motility?

Back 98

Aides in changes in cell location and more limited movements of parts of the cell.

Front 99

What are motor proteins?

Back 99

Proteins attached to the cytoskeleton and use ATP to power movement.

Front 100

How is movement generated?

Back 100

Proteins moving along the cytoskeletal fibers.

Front 101

What cytoskeletal structure is the thickest?

Back 101

Microtubules.

Front 102

What cytoskeletal structure is the thinnest?

Back 102

Microfilaments; also called actin filaments.

Front 103

What is the size of intermediate filaments?

Back 103

Size of diameters is between microtubules and microfilaments.

Front 104

What are the dimensions of hollow rods?

Back 104

25nm diameter and 200-25,000nm in length

Front 105

What is a Tubulin?

Back 105

A globular protein composing the wall of microtubules.

Front 106

Each tubulin protein consists of what?

Back 106

A alpha and beta tubulin.

Front 107

Microtubules grow how?

Back 107

Adding tubulin dimers.

Front 108

What do microtubules do?

Back 108

Guide secretory vesicles from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

Front 109

What are Centrosomes?

Back 109

Region located near the nucleus that organizes microtubules for chromosomal separation during mitosis

Front 110

What are Centrioles?

Back 110

Found in pairs and are composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules that help assemble and organize microtubules during mitosis.

Front 111

What are flagella?

Back 111

Microtubule containing projections that allows for cell movement, limited to just a few per cell.

Front 112

What are Cilia?

Back 112

Microtubule containing projections that allows for cell movement, usually number in the hundreds per cell.

Front 113

What beating pattern do flagella and cilia use?

Back 113

"9+2"

Front 114

What pattern in some cilia is considered nonmotile?

Back 114

"9+0"

Front 115

What is the basal body?

Back 115

Anchors the microtubule to the cell wall.

Front 116

What are Dyneins?

Back 116

Large motor proteins responsible for the bending movements of an organelle, utilizes ATP as their energy source.

Front 117

What are microfilament diameters?

Back 117

Solid rods about 7nm diameter.

Front 118

What is actin?

Back 118

A globular protein that is the building blocks for microfilaments.

Front 119

What is the shape of a microfilament?

Back 119

A twisted double chain of actin subunits.

Front 120

What is the purpose of microfilaments?

Back 120

To bear tension or pulling forces.

Front 121

What is the Cortex?

Back 121

The outermost cytoplasmic layer of a cell.

Front 122

What are Microvilli?

Back 122

Delicate projects on a cell surface made up of bundles of microfilaments.

Front 123

What important role do microfilaments play in?

Back 123

Muscle contraction.

Front 124

What is Myosin?

Back 124

Motor protein in muscle cells that walk along the bundles of microfilaments of the muscle tissue.

Front 125

Contraction of muscle results from what?

Back 125

Actin and Myosin sliding past one another shortening the muscle.

Front 126

What are Pseudopodia?

Back 126

Cellular extensions/projections that allow for the movement of organisms like the amoeba.

Front 127

What is Cytoplasmic Streaming?

Back 127

The circular flow of the cytoplasm that speeds the distribution of materials within the cell.

Front 128

What is the diameter of intermediate filaments?

Back 128

8-12nm

Front 129

Intermediate filaments are related to microfilaments how?

Back 129

Specialized for bearing tension.

Front 130

What are intermediate filaments constructed from?

Back 130

Keratins.

Front 131

What can leave behind a network of intermediate filaments?

Back 131

Chemical treatments.

Front 132

What major role does intermediate filaments play?

Back 132

Reinforcing cell shape and fixing the position of certain organelles.

Front 133

What are axons reinforced by?

Back 133

Microfilaments.

Front 134

What helps coordinate cellular activities?

Back 134

Extracellular components and connections between cells.

Front 135

What is a Cell Wall?

Back 135

An extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguish them from animal cells.

Front 136

What are the three functions of the cell wall?

Back 136

1) Protects the plant cell

2) Maintains the cell shape

3) Prevents excessive uptake of water

Front 137

What is cellulose synthase?

Back 137

An enzyme that combines cellulose and microfibrils.

Front 138

What is the Primary Cell Wall?

Back 138

Thin and flexible cell wall of young plants.

Front 139

What is the Middle Lamella?

Back 139

A thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides that forms between the primary walls of adjacent plant cells.

Front 140

What is Pectin?

Back 140

Sticky polysaccharides of the middle lamella that glues adjacent cells together.

Front 141

What is the Secondary Cell Wall?

Back 141

Deposited in several layers between the primary cell wall and the plant cell membrane.

Front 142

What are the main components of Extracellular Matrix in animals?

Back 142

Glycoproteins and other carbohydrate containing molecules.

Front 143

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM?

Back 143

Collagen.

Front 144

What are two characteristics of collagen?

Back 144

They form strong fibers outside the cell and accounts for 40% of the total protein in the human body.

Front 145

What do Proteoglycans do?

Back 145

Form the network or lattice of molecules in which collagen fibers get embedded to make a solid structure.

Front 146

What is Fibronectin?

Back 146

Another glycoprotein (similar to protein) that attaches cells to the ECM.

Front 147

What are Integrins?

Back 147

Cell-surface receptors that bind to the ECM and fibronectin.

Front 148

What role does the Integrins have?

Back 148

Transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton.

Front 149

What are signaling pathways?

Back 149

Combination of mechanical and chemical signals.

Front 150

What are Plasmodesmata?

Back 150

Membrane-lined channels filled with cytoplasm.

Front 151

How to proteins reach the plasmodesmata?

Back 151

By moving along the fibers of the cytoskeleton.

Front 152

What are cell junctions?

Back 152

Connection points between adjacent cells?

Front 153

What are the three types of cell junctions?

Back 153

1) Tight junctions

2) Desmosomes

3) Gap junctions

Front 154

What are Tight junctions?

Back 154

Portions of the plasma membrane of adjacent cells are tightly pressed against each other forming a continuous seals around the cell.

Front 155

What are Desmosomes?

Back 155

Function like rivets; intermediate filaments made of keratin protein anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.

Front 156

What are Gap junctions?

Back 156

Provide cytoplasmic channels to adjacent cells consisting of membrane proteins surrounding a pore.