Biology Test 2

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid. First discovered by Crick and Watson.

Front 2

Adenine matches?

Back 2

Thymine

Front 3

Guanine matches?

Back 3

Cytosine

Front 4

DNA stores information instructions in a

Back 4

double helix structure

Front 5

Is DNA complimentary? (know one know both)

Back 5

Yes. A=T and G=C

Front 6

1 DNA molecule has how many base pairs?

Back 6

200 million

Front 7

How many chromosomes does each parent give?

Back 7

23

Front 8

Chromosomes are?

Back 8

Unique, specific traits.

Front 9

Genes are?

Back 9

sequences of code for one specific product.

Front 10

Allele are?

Back 10

Alternative versions of the same gene. (this determines traits)

Front 11

Is all DNA equal?

Back 11

No.

Front 12

DNA that does not produce proteins is called...

Back 12

Non-coding DNA.

Front 13

What does non-coding DNA help to do?

Back 13

It helps to regulate DNA.

Front 14

Genotype?

Back 14

A particular trait.

Front 15

Phenotype?

Back 15

Physical appearance of the trait. (Red flowers)

Front 16

Transcription?

Back 16

A copy is made.

Front 17

Translation?

Back 17

Copy is used to make a protein. mRNA used to direct production of protein in the cytoplasm.

Front 18

Steps for making DNA.

Back 18

1)Recognize and bind. (RNA polymerase recognizes promotor and binds to strand)

2)Transcribe. Unwinds and copies making mRNA.

3)Terminate. (stop copying. Release mRNA)

4)Cap/process. (cap tail added to protect and recognize)

Front 19

Amino acids and ribosomes are required for?

Back 19

Translation.

Front 20

Translating molecules translate...

Back 20

the mRNA code into amino acids.

Front 21

3 steps to translation.

Back 21

Recognize. Longate. Terminate.

Front 22

What is a genome?

Back 22

All genes possessed by an organism.

Front 23

Positive control

Back 23

Start or speed up of transcription

Front 24

Negative control

Back 24

block or slow down transcription

Front 25

Mutations

Back 25

Alteration in the sequence of bases in DNA. (can be helpful or harmful or neutral)

Front 26

Non sex-cells mutations cannot...

Back 26

be passed down to offspring.

Front 27

Types of mutations

Back 27

Substitution, insertion, delation

Front 28

Chromosomal aberration

Back 28

change to the organization of genes

Front 29

Biotechnology

Back 29

modifying cells and molecules

Front 30

Genetic engineering

Back 30

adding, deleting transplanting genes

Front 31

Mutation?

Back 31

alteration of the base-pair sequence of an individuals DNA.

Front 32

somatic cells?

Back 32

the cells forming the body of an organism are not passed from parent to offspring.

Front 33

Reproductive cells?

Back 33

There are passed from parent to offspring.

Front 34

How are mutations caused?

Back 34

Radiation or chemicals in the environment or spontaneously.

Front 35

Genetic drift?

Back 35

Random change in allele frequency in a population. It is much greater in smaller populations.

Front 36

Fixation-

Back 36

When an alleles frequency in a population reaches 100%.

Front 37

Founder effect-

Back 37

New population has a different allele frequency.

Front 38

Bottle neck effect-

Back 38

A large potion of a population die out.

Front 39

Migration or gene flow-

Back 39

The movement of some individual species from one population to another.

Front 40

Natural selection-

Back 40

1. There must be variation for the trait within a population.

2. That variation must be heritable (that is, capable of being passed from parents to offspring).

3.Individuals with one version of the trait must produce more offspring than this with a different version of the trait.

Front 41

Inheritance or heritability is

Back 41

The transmission of traits from parents to their children.

Front 42

Differential reproductive success-

Back 42

from all the variation existing in a population, individuals with traits most suited to survival and reproduction in their environment generally leave more offspring than do individuals with other traits.

Front 43

Learned behaviors

Back 43

From the environment, acquired, altered, and modified over time.

Front 44

Instinct or innate behaviors-

Back 44

don't require environment. Example is fixed action pattern. Goose getting an egg.

Front 45

Choosy mates-

Back 45

1

Front 46

Altruistic behaviors-

Back 46

seem to come at a cost to the individual performing them while benefiting a recipient.

This includes squirrels sounded an alarm when a bird comes. caller is killed by predator.

Front 47

Kin selection-

Back 47

individual gives itself up for the community.

Front 48

Individual fitness-

Back 48

Reproductive output that individual's bring about through their seemingly altruistic behaviors. This redefined measure of fitness is call inclusive fitness.

Front 49

Inclusive fitness-

Back 49

Mother and fetus interest differ when it comes to food.

Front 50

Evolve kin section-

Back 50

Repeated interaction, benefits greater than cost, recognize and punish cheaters.

Front 51

Mismatch environment-

Back 51

creature in a situation where they have to adapt.

Front 52

The sex with greater energetic input will be more discriminating.

Back 52

The sex with the lower energetic input will compete among themselves for the higher sex.

Front 53

Mate guarding-

Back 53

Long mating. Males block the mating passage.

Front 54

Polygamy-

Back 54

Multiple mates

Front 55

Polygyny-

Back 55

individual males mate with many females

Front 56

Polyandry-

Back 56

Individual female with many males

Front 57

Monogamy-

Back 57

one mate

Front 58

Communication types-

Back 58

Chemical, acoustical, visual.

Front 59

Evolution-

Back 59

Genetic change in a population.