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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If a molecule has become reduced then it has __________ electrons (hydrogen).
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gained
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If a molecule has become oxidized, then it has ____________________ (electrons (hydrogen).
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lost
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What is an exergonic reaction?
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A reaction that releases energy.
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What is an endergonic reaction?
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A reaction that requires energy.
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Usually, a reduction of a molecule is an____________ reaction.
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endergonic
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Usually, an oxidation of a molecule is an ____________ reaction.
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exergonic
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What is this?
C6H1206+6O2-->6CO2+6H20+energy |
The overall reaction for cell respiration
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The overall reaction for cell respiration is _______________.
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exergonic
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What is this?
6H20+6CO2--->C6H1206+6O2 |
The overall reaction for photosynthesis
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The overall reaction for photosynthesis is _______________.
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endergonic
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ATP---> ADP+P _________ energy.
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releases
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ATP is often used in ____________ to supply energy.
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coupled reactions
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If we need our cells to do an endergonic reaction we ____________.
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use ATP to do a couple reaction
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ADP+P--->ATP _________ energy.
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requires
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ATP is used to run the _______________.
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sodium/potassium pump and the calcium pump
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___________ speed up the chemical reactions in cells.
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Enzymes
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Nearly all ________ are proteins.
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enzymes
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________ are also called catalysts.
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Enzymes
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Enzymes ________ the activation energy of a reaction.
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lower
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Enzymes bind to a _________.
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substrate
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The ________ is where the substrate binds.
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active site
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The enzyme also ____________.
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weakens bonds
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All enzymes have an optimal temperture of ____.
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37 degrees Celsius
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If temperature drops below 37 degrees in an enzymes the enzyme will ______________.
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slowly stop working
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If temperature goes above 37 degrees the enzyme will ____________.
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denature
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Coenzymes are not _________.
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proteins
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Coenzymes have a __________.
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vitamin portion
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Coenzymes act as __________________.
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electron donors and acceptors
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What coenzymes are reduced/electron donors?
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NADH,FADH
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What coenzymes are oxidized/electron acceptors?
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NAD, FAD
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Yeast performs this reaction.
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fermentation
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“Cell respiration” is really how we extract energy from ____________________.
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food
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Name the three types of reactions in cells.
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ATP, Enzymes, and Coenzymes
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What is the maximum number of ATP’s that aerobic cell respiration can make from one molecule of glucose?
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38
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What are the stages of cell repsiration?
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A) glycolysis (glycolytic pathway)
B) formation of acetyl CoA C) Kreb’s cycle D) electron transport system |
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In __________, the goal is to cut glucose in half and make a little bit of energy.
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glycolysis
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Glycolysis occurs in the _____________.
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cytoplasm
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What is (are) the final molecules on glycolysis?
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2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATPS, 2 NADH
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How many ATPs are produced during glycolysis?
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2
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How many NADHs are produced during glycolysis?
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2
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If oxygen is present, what happens to pyruvate?
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It is taken into the mitochondrion
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What molecule enters the Kreb’s cycle?
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Acetyl CoA
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When ATP loses a phosphate what type of a reaction is that?
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coupled
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At what pH do most enzymes work best in humans?
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pH 6-8
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Where do the carbons of glucose in cell respiration finally end up?
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CO2
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Where does O2 in cell respiration finally end up?
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To make H2O.
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How do we get energy from our own food?
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Cell respiration
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The food in cell respiration is _________.
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glucose
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What is the goal of aerobic cell respiration?
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To make 38 ATP's for every 1 glucose molecule
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__________ does not require O2.
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Glycolysis
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What type of organism can perform glycolysis?
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Any organism.
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How many ATP's (per glucose) are produced by the Kreb's cycle?
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2
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How many NADH's (per glucose) are produced by the Kreb's cycle?
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6
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How many FADH2's (per glucose) are produced by the Kreb's cycle?
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2
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________ is the first molecule in the glycolytic pathway.
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Glucose
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_____ combines with acetl CoA to make citrate in Kreb's.
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OAA
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Where are the six cabons of glucose lost during aerobic cell respiration?
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2 in Acetyl CoA and 4 in Kreb's
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Where is the ETS located within a cell?
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The inner mitochondrion membrane
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What are the components of the ETS?
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Coenzymes 1&2, cytochromes, and oxygen
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If one NADH gives its electrons to the ETS, how many molecules of ATP are produced?
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3
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If one FADH2 gives its electrons to the ETS, how many molecules of ATP are produced?
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2
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____ is the final electron acceptor.
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O2
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What is meant by "metabolic water"?
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When 1/2 O2+ 2H--->H2O
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___________ drives the phosphorylation of ADP during oxidative phosphorylation.
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Chemiosmosis
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The enzyme ____________ is how the protons go through and break the gradient.
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ATP synthase
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What is Luft's syndrome?
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A defective mitochondrion that does not make enough ATP. Their energy is released as heat.
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What are the two types of fermentation?
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Alchol and lactate
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When oxygen is not present, does glycolysis occur?
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yes
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When oxygen is not present, is acetyl CoA formed?
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no
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When oxygen is not present does the ETS function?
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no
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When yeast use their pyruvate to form acetaldehyde and then ethanol, what are the final end products?
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2 CO2 and 2 ATPs
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When pyruvate forms lactate what are the final end products?
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2 ATPs
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Give two examples of when lactic acid fermentation would occur?
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Bacteria (yogurt) and it is in some skeletal muscles.
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A fast twitch muscle derives most of its energy from __________.
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lactate
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A slow twitch muscle derives most of its energy from ______________.
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aerobic cell respiration
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A domestic chicken has __________________.
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fast twitch muscle fibers
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A migratory bird has ______________.
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slow twitch muscle fibers
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If oxygen is not present and fermentation occurs what is the final numbers of ATP's that can be produced from the complete oxidation of one glucode?
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2
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Fats generally enter through the __________.
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Kreb's cycle
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How do we use proteins to get energy?
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We send some through glycolysis and some into the Kreb's cycle.
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CO2 in photosynethis becomes ________ and it becomes _________.
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sugar; reduced
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H20 in photosynethis becomes _________ and it becomes ___________.
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02; oxidized
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_________ drives photosynthesis.
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Sunlight
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What type of radiation is most useful for photosynthesis?
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visible light
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The shorter the wavelength, the ______ the energy of the radiation.
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more
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Name the photosyntethic pigments.
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chorophyll a, chorophyll b, xanthophylls, and carotenes.
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Which pigment is the reaction center of a photosystem?
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Chorophyll a
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Where in a plant are the pigments found?
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In the thylakoid membranes
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_______ is the color least useful for photosynthesis.
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Green
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What question did von Helmont's experiment ask?
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Where did all the mass come from?
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A _________ is a collection of about 200 pigment molecules.
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photosystem
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Photosystem ___ is involved in the lysis of water.
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2
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________ and ________ must be put into a "non-cyclic photophosphorylation" to run?
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Sunlight and H20
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What are the products of "non-cyclic photophosphorylation"?
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ATP, NADPH, O2
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Cyclic photophosphorylation ocurs when there are no _______ available.
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NADP
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______ is the product of cyclic.
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ATP
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Photosystem ___ is involved in the cyclic process?
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1
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What is the goal of the Calvin Cycle?
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To reduced CO2 to make sugar (PGAL).
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Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
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The stroma.
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______, _______, and _______ must be put into the Calvin Cycle for it to run.
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ATP, NADPH, and CO2
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The product of the Calvin Cycle is ______.
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PGAL
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What is the source of the ATP and NADPH?
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Z scheme
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What is the name of the enzyme that helps fix carbon?
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rubisco
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When carbon is fixed, CO2 is first joined to ______.
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RuBP
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If a plant wants to make one glucose, how many molecules of CO2 mus enter the cycle?
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6
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To make one PGAL, how many molecules of CO2 must enter the cycle?
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3
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When will the Calvin Cycle stop running?
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If all the ATP and NADPH molecules made during the light reactions are used up.
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Photosystem ___ is responsible for producing our atmospheric oxygen?
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2
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Plants perform photosynthesis and __________.
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cell respiration
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_______ make their own energy.
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Autotrophs
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_______ make their own energy using sunlight.
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Phototrophs
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If one diploid cell with 46 chrosomes undergoes one complete mitotic division then the result is __ cells each with ___ chromosomes.
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2, 46
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Prophase and metaphase have ___ chromatid while anaphase and telophase have __ chromatid.
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2,1
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_______ is uncondensed DNA and _______ are condensed DNA.
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Chromatin,chromosomes
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In _______, one cell is split into 2 cells.
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cytokinesis
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How does cytokinesis differ in animal cells and plant cells?
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Plants have a cell plate and no centrioles.
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__________ and __________ can control cell division.
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Tumor supressor genes and contact inhibition
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If a somatic cell in your body is diploid, then a gamete must be __________.
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haploid
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In _______, one cell is split into 2 cells.
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cytokinesis
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If a somatic cell in your body is diploid, then a gamete must be __________.
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haploid
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What is the goal of meiosis?
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To make gametes and hapolid cells.
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Fast twitch fibers tend to have ____ mitochondria.
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few
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Slow twitch fibers tend to have ______ mitochondria.
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many
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A ________ is an example of using slow twitch fibers.
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marathon runner
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A ______ is an example of using fast twitch fibers.
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sprinter
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_________ have the same energy as glucose.
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Proteins
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In the von Helmont study where did all the mass come from?
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It came from CO2 that was fixed into molecules.
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What are the two reaction centers?
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P-100; P-680
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
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light dependent rxns (Z scheme) and light independent rxns (Calvin Cycle)
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Light dependent rxns contain ____________ or __________________.
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non-cyclic or cyclic photophosphorylation
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What is the first phase of photosynthesis?
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Light dependent rxns
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What is the goal of mitosis?
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To divide the nucleus.
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During _________, the cells do not divide.
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interphase
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Interphase contains ____, ____-, and ____.
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G1,S,and G2.
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What happens in G1?
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The cell enlarges, make new organelles.
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G1 is also called the __________.
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growth period
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What happens in S?
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The cell is committed to divide and it replicates its DNA. The amount of DNA doubles.
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What happens in G2?
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The cell replicates cenrioles and 9 triplets of microtubules are created.
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The longest phase in mitosis is __________.
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prophase
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What happens in prophase?
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Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. The nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disappear. The mitotic spindle forms between 2 pairs of centrioles.
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A _________ is one long piece of DNA + protein.
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chromosome
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________ is the protein in a chromosome.
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histone
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The _________ tells the life of that particular cell.
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cell cycle
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__________ are bumps on the centromere.
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Kinetochore
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________ are found in animal cytokinesis and causes a constriction in the middle of the cell.
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Actin microfilaments
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What happens during metaphase?
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The chromosomes have microtubules attached to them at kinetochores; chromosomes are pulled to the middle of the cell.
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What happens during anaphase?
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Sister chromatids are pulled apart; one sister goes north and one sister goes south.The spindle microtubules shorten and pull chromatids apart.
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What happens during telophase?
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Cytokinesis begans, the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus forms, and spindle disappears.
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How do proaryotic cells divide?
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A single molecule of DNA is replicates which causes the mebrane to elongate and it is pinched in half.
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Crossing over occurs in_____________.
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prophase I
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What is a tetrad?
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One homologous pair
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Anaphase __ is more like anaphase of mitosis.
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2
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What is the fourth chance for genetic variation?
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fertilization
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If one dipolid cell with 24 chromosomes undergoes meiosis I and II the result is ___ cells and each cell has ___ chromosomes.
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4, 12
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_________ is the formation of gametes.
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Gametogenesis
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If one primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I and II the result is ___ sperm.
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4
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If one primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I and II, the result is __ egg and ___ polar bodies.
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1, 3
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If a sperm and a cell unite, the result is called a _________.
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zygote
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Humans have ___ chromosomes which means that each of our somatic cell has ___ pairs of homologous chromosomes.
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46, 23
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Animals began cytokinesis with the formation of ____________.
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cleavage furrow
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The final products of ETS is ___________ and _______.
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metabolic water,ATP
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