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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Simple sugars, Single Sugars
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MONOsacharrides
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Complex sugars
two simple sugars – linked by dehydration synthesis – Glycoside linkage |
DIsacharrides
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starches, cellulose
strings of simple sugars |
polysachraiddes
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Linear and Ring
• Hydrated Carbon • Chemical Formula: – (CH2O)n – C:H:O ratio 1:2:1 Water soluble |
Carbohydrates
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Lipids
Protein Nucleic Acid |
Carbs
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Fruit Sugar
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Fructose
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Milk Sugar
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Glactose
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Glucluse
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Most common sugar in carbs
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fructose, Glactose, Gluclose?
All have how many carbons? Linked how? |
Simple sugars, building blocks for carbs , 6
Dehydration synthesis |
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gluclose + Fructose
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Sucrose; refined sugar
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60% of body made of?
17% made of? 15% made of? |
Oxygen
Protein Lipid |
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2% made of?
1% made of? |
Nucleic
Carbs |
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Function of lipids
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Store energy
Waterproofing cell membranes Hormones |
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3 kinds of lipids
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oils/fats
phospholipids steroids |
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chains,
C, H, O only |
Fats
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P + N groups
– Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic |
Phospholipids
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– Rings
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steroids
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3 FATTY ACIDS + GLYCEROL
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Fats
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Fats link by what?
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Ester Linkage
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“triglycerides”, long term energy storage
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fats
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Fatty acids w/ SINGLE BONDS:
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Linear; unsaturated
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Cs saturated w/ Hs
Floppy chains |
Saturated
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2 fatty acid chain “tails” + 1 phosphate-nitrogen “head”
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Phospholipids
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The head of a phospholipid is what?
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Hydrophilic
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Tail of a phospholipid is what
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Hydrophobic
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Found in membranes
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Phospholipids
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Ring structure
– Functional groups |
Steroids
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Hormones synthesized
from Cholesterol |
steroids
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stings of C + H
Hydrophobic |
lipids
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Insect Exoskeleton
• Cellulose + nitrogen group |
chitin
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Selective Permeable.
Large and Charged molecules move slowley |
lipid bylayer
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s the driving force behind the
exchange |
diffusion
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How is the plasma membrane formed
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Hydrophilic heads from hydrogen bond with water molecules
Hydrophobic regions interact |
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Most substances outside of a cell are
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polar and hydrophilic
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The nonpolar hydrophobic center of the
lipid bilayer will not let |
Hydrophilic polar substance through
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Plasma membrane functions
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Separte out from inside of cell
Reg exchange w/environment Connect and comm. w/other cells |
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function of proteins
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communication
allow movement |
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Membrane Proteins
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Transport
Receptor Recongnition |
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Move HYDROPHILIC
stuff • CHANNEL proteins • CARRIER proteins |
Transpot proteins
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Binds on outside of
cell • Triggers response inside |
Receptor proteins
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Glycoproteins
ID Tags Attachment |
Recognition proteins
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CH20 + protein
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Glycoproteins
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Immune system
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ID tags
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– Nervous system
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Attachment
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With concentration gradient
– No energy cost |
Passive transport
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Against concentration gradient
– Needs energy |
Active transport
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Types of passive transport
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Facilitaed, Osmosis, simple diffusion
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Needs transport proteins
slower |
facilitated diffusion
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Unstable
– Carry Energy Within Cell – Have Extra Phosphate Groups – Not in Chains |
Di/tri Phosphate
Nucleotides |
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– 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Photosynthesis
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY
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Glucose Metabolism (Complete)
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i. 2 ATP molecules
ii. 2 NADH electron carriers |
Glycolysis
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anoxic
cytoplasm |
Glycolysis
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molecules of Pyruvate
d. energy components formed |
molecules of Pyruvate
d. energy components formed |
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aerobic
b. Mitochondria |
Cell respiration
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H2O and CO2
i. 2 ATP molecules ii. 8 NADH, 2 FADH |
Cell respiration
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ALL living beings
• In cytoplasm • NO oxygen required |
Glycolysis
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Over all goal of Glycolysis
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Get energy
break down gluclose |
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2 steps of Glycolysis
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Gluslose activation
Energy harvest |
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Breakdown: fructose to 2 g3p
Energy release 2 G3P + 4 ADP + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH Gain 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
Engery Harvest
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Activation:
– +2 ATP input • Rearrangement: – Glucose + 2 ATP -> Fructose 1,6-P |
Activation
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Electron carrier
Eventually turned into ATP |
NADH
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Aerobic
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Oxygen
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Anaerobic
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No oxygen
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Need more NAD+
– Have 2 NADH Recycle NAD+ from NADH |
Lactate Fermentation
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2 Pyruvate + 2NADH -> 2 lactate + 2 NAD+
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Lactate fermentation
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2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH -> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH+
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Alchohol fermentation
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Follows glycolysis
• OXYGEN!!! • Result: lots of ATP! • In MITOCHONDRIA |
Aerobic Respiration
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AcetylCoA + ADP + 3 NAD+ +FAD ->
2 CO2 + ATP + 3 NADH + FADH2 |
Krebs Cycle
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NET GAIN:
4 ATP + 10 NADH + FADH2 |
Aerobic respiration
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How many ATP per glucose!
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32-34
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a. Circular DNA
b. Cell grows c. Cell membrane separation d. Fusion |
a. Binary Fission
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Function of Mitotic Cell Division
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From fertilized egg to Newborn
b. Growth to adult c. Maintains Tissues |
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Mitotic Division basis
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Asexual reproduction
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A single nuclear division
b. Two cellular Divisions |
Sexual reproduction
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Result-gametes
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Meiotic Division
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Discrete units of Linear DNA double helix.
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Eukaryotic Chromosome
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Characteristics-
1. Karyotype- shape, 2. Homologous Chromosomes- |
Eukaryotic Chromosome
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Notation for Chromosome #-
1. Diploid 2. Haploid |
Eukaryotic Chromosome
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Acquire Nutrients
2. Growth 3. Duplication of Chromosomes |
Interphase
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g1, s, g2
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interphase
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growth
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G1
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DNA replication
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S phase
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Cytoplasmic Division
1. Production of two daughter cells |
Cytokinesis
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Nuclear Division
1. Production of Two nuclei |
Mitosis
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2 parts of Mitotic Division
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Cytokinesis and Mitosis
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Condensation chromosomes
Microtubules of the Mitotic spindle Migrate to the opposite sides b. Microtubules radiate out c. Spindle fibers |
Prophase
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Spindle grabsNuclear membrane
disintegrated. • Sister chromatid • Kinetochore-microtubules attaches |
Pro-metaphase
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Chromosomes alignment
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metaphase
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Kinetochore- move along
2. Sister Chromatids separate. |
Anaphase
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Spindle
Breakdown 2. Nuclear membrane 3. Chromosomes 4. Nucleoli |
Telophase
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key to sexual reproduction
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MEIOSIS:
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1 copy each chromosome
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Haploid
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1 + 1 = 2 copies each chromosome
• Fusion during sexual reproduction= |
diploid
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Spindles form
– Sister chromatids attach |
Prophase II
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Sisters at middle
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Metaphase II
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Sisters pull apart
– One per end |
Anaphase II
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Nuclear envelopes
– Cytokinesis! |
Telophase II
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46 chromos
duplicate • 46 Sister chromatids – Sisters line Up at middle – One sister per end – cytokinesis |
Mitosis
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46 chromos duplicate
• Sister chromatids – : • PAIRS line up at middle • One PAIR per end • Cytokinesis – : • 23 sister chromatids • Sisters line up at middle • One sister per end • cytokinesis |
Meosis
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46 chromosomes/cell
• diploid – 2 new cells |
Mitosis
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23 chromosomes/cell
• haploid – 4 new cells – Germ cells, gametes |
Meoisis
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sexual reproduction
Two nuclear divisions |
Meoisis
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Homologs pair up (23 different types)
• One homolog per new cell • No interphase |
Meiosis I
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Sister chromatids in each homolog separate
• One sister per new cell • Total: 23 chromosomes/cell (hapolid) |
Meiosis II
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