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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prokaryotic cells
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small and simple
bacteria and archaea lack membrane bound organelles (no nucleus) they have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA. |
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eukaryotic cells
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larger and more complex
includes protists, fungi, plants, animals |
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nucleus
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double membrane
RNA, proteins, ATP, and nucleotides need to get in and out. |
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chromosomes
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made of DNA and protein, linear, only visible when condensed
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ribosomes
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found in the cytoplasm, site for RNA->protein (translation)
free or attached to rough ER |
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nucleolus
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small dark spot in nucleus, coding for rRNA, proteins are assembled into ribosomes
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plant cells
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no flagellum, cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole
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what do animal cells have that plants don't?
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centrosome and centriole
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endomembrane system
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structures involved in modifying and packaging up proteins for export
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rough ER
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sheets of membrane, stacks of flattened vesicles, ribosomes, proteins exporting or become embedded
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smooth ER
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tubular besicles, no ribosomes, lipid synthesis
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golgi apparatus
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flattened vesicles, communicates with ER through vesicles, create lysosomes, may recieve addition of carbohydrate
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lysosomes
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destructive enzymes come from pinching off the golgi, digest and recycle molecules
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in what genetic disease is a lysosomal enzyme defective?
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Tay Sach's disease.
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mitochondria
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site of aerobic respiration=oxidation of food to make ATP
double membrane, cristae, inner membrane (matrix) |
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cellular respiration
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in the mitochondria
glycolysis - cytoplasm krebs cycle - matrix ETC - inner membrane ATP |
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chlorplasts
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site of photosynthesis=capture energy from sun, synthesis ATP and organic molecules
double membrane, thylakoids, grana, stroma |
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photosynthesis
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light dependent rxn- grana
light independent rxn- stroma glucose |
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similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts
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double membrane, large surface area of membrane, membrane enclosed spaces, DNA, ribosomes, ability to divide.
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microfilaments
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made of actin (form beads, strung in long chains and weave)
structural support and movement microvilli |
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microtubules
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made of tubulin (wound around)
support and movement cilia and flagella (cross section 9+2) basal bodies & centrioles- help organize cytoskeleton |
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do bacteria have microfilaments of microtubules?
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no! prokaryotic cells have no cytoskeletal elements!
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what are the most common elements of living things?
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oxygen (water), carbon (organic molecules), hydrogen (water), nitrogen (proteins)
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how many covalent bonds does H, O, N, and C form?
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H-1
O-2 N-3 C-4 |
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structure of water
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polar (positive, hydrophilic) molecule
H side is slightly positive O is slightly negative covalent bonds hold O and H together |
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differences between hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds
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hydrogen bonds not as strong,
hydrogen bonds are between molecules, covalent bonds are within water molcules |
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why are hydrogen bonds important even though they are weak?
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cause water to stick together, gives water its properties, many hydrogen bonds have a strong effect
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cohesion
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allows water to rise, delivers from the roots to the top of a tree
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surface tension
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high surface tension molecules stick together so light things can walk on top of water
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hydrophilic?
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water-loving, polar molecules
sugar, salts, charged atoms hydrogen bonds |
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hydrophobic?
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do not dissolve in water
nonpolar- share electrons equally |
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organic molecules
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molecules with a carbon skeleton
C's and H's bond with nonpolar covalent bonds to form hydrocarbons |
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where do we find hydrocarbons?
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methane, ethane, propane- gasoline, vaseline, natural gas
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covalent bond
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hold O & H together in H20, sharing electrons
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hydrogen bond
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bonds between molecules of H20
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what are the groups added to organic molecules?
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functional groups
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hydroxyl
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alcohols, found in sugars, glycerol
-OH |
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carbonyl
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acetone and sugars
C=O |
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carboxyl
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organic acid
tends to give up H+ found in fatty acids and amino acids C=O-OH |
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amino
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amine, tends to pick up H+, basic
amino acids H-N-H |
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phosphate
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tend to give up at least one H+
O-O-P-OH-OH |
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sulfhydryl
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found in a few amino acids
can bond together for protein structure -SH |
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fats
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triglycerides, classic lipids,
glycerol (hydroxyl group) + 3 fatty acids |
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dehydration synthesis
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removes water to form polymers
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hydrolysis
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adds water to break bonds and form monomers
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oil (liquid fats)
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liquid at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acids (double bonds) they cannot pack together tight enough to form a solid because the double bond causes a kink in their third fatty acid |
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solid fats
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solid at room temperature
saturated fatty acids because they can pack together most animal triglycerides are saturated. |
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phospholipids
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a triglyceride with one fatty acid replaced by phosphate (negative) plus another positively charged group.
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amphipathic?
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phospholipids- they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
phosphate group is hydrophilic (polar head), nonpolar hydrophobic tail can act as emulsifiers |
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steroids
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same basic complex ring structure
cholesterol, sex hormones they contain a hydrophilic (polar) hydroxyl group |
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where does cholesterol come from?
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food and family
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HDL and LDL
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good and bad cholesterol
high density lipoprotein low density lipoproteins HDL is good because it doesn't stick total cholesterol: below 200 LDL: about 100 HDL: about 50 |
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roles of proteins
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enzymes, structure, transport,
made of small monomers linked together to form long polymers |
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what makes proteins?
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animo acids, functional groups amino and hydroxyl, form peptide bonds
amphipathic |
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structure of proteins
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primary - order of amino acids
secondary secondary - alpha helix or beta pleated sheet tertiary - twisting and folding quaternary - more than one protein |
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carbohydrates
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sugar, bread, pasta
server as energy stores, oxidize to release energy, serve as structural molecules, form parts of monomers of DNA, serve as identity tags |
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simple sugars
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monosaccharides (CH2O)n
carbonyl group, different arrangements make different sugars |
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disaccharides
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two simple sugars linked together, linked by dehydration reaction
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polysaccharides
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starch (plant storage), glycogen (animal storage)-alpha bonds (weak)
cellulose (plant cell walls), chitin (fungus cell walls)-beta bonds (strong) |
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carbohydrates are hydrophilic because...
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they have many hydroxyls
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lipid bilayer (fluid mosaic model)
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fluid barrier at surface of cells
made of: phospholipids- amphipathic cholesterol- hydroxyl at surface (hydrophilic) proteins- polar region exposed at surface |
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functions of proteins in the lipid bilayer
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transport proteins (channels, carriers), enzymes, receptors, attachment to cytoskeleton
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carbohydrates
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chain of sugars, attached to other types of molecules, attached to lipids or proteins
involved in recognition of cells by other cells |
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lectins
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proteins that read carbohydrate identity tags
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simple diffusion
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through a lipid bilayer (small nonpolar molecules)
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facilitated diffusion
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uses transport proteins
no ATP used, concentration gradient this is how water enters and leaves the cell (osmosis) |
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osmosis
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water moves from more free water (less solute) to less free water (more solute)
isotonic, hypotonic (less solute), hypertonic (more solute) |
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active transport
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uses transport proteins, requires ATP, can cause substance to move against a concentration gradient
sodium potassium pump |
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endocyctosis
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into cell
phagocytosis- cell eating pinocytosis- cell drinking |
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exocytosis
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out of the cell, used in secretion of digestive enzymes
gets into vesicle, attaches to membrane, dumps out |
