Biology Test #1

Front 1

lower order plants

Back 1

non-vascular
mainly aquatic

Front 2

higher order plants

Back 2

vascular
land
non-flagellated pollen

Front 3

meristem

Back 3

top growing portion of plant; small cells with large nuclei; rapid growth and cell division; undifferentiated cells

Front 4

lateral meristem

Back 4

produces girth

Front 5

root apical meristem

Back 5

has root cap

Front 6

root cap

Back 6

1) protective covering as root grows through soil
2) nutrient rich source with high density of cells
3) enzymes to breakdown soil
4) grown from L1 layer
5) can perceive gravity
6) new grows when old dies

Front 7

L1

Back 7

Protective covering of plant; forms epidermis (protoderm); bark or cuticle
1) store food (Starch) and water
2) provie support for plant organs

Front 8

L2

Back 8

bulk of plant (ground meristem)

Front 9

L3

Back 9

vascular system (must increase as girth increases)

Front 10

root system

Back 10

anchors plant, penetrates soil to absorb water and ions

Front 11

shoot system

Back 11

stems, leaves, nodes (leaves or branch location), internodes

Front 12

guard cells (part of L1- dermal tissue)

Back 12

flank stomata to open and close them

Front 13

trichomes (part of L1- dermal tissue)

Back 13

hairlike outgrowths;
1) trap air for insulation to regulate microclimate
2) prevent pathogens from landing on plant

Front 14

root hairs (part of L1- dermal tissue)

Back 14

tubular extensions of single epidermal cells; increases root's surface area

Front 15

xylem

Back 15

water-conducting tissue; wood made from accumulated secondary xylem; TRACHEIDS and VESSEL MEMBERS

Front 16

Tracheids and vessel members (xylem)

Back 16

grow and then die providing a hollow straw to move water

Front 17

Phloem

Back 17

principle food-conducting tissue (located towards outer parts of roots and stems); SIEVE-TUBE MEMBERS and SIEVE CELLS

Front 18

sieve cells

Back 18

not hollowed out

Front 19

Zone of cell division (root)

Back 19

apical meristem cells divide into protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem tissues

Front 20

Zone of Elongation (root)

Back 20

Roots lengthen b/c cells produced by priary meristems grow longer than wide (no cell division at this point)

Front 21

Zone of Maturation

Back 21

differentiate into specified cell types

Front 22

Double Fertilization

Back 22

one pollen nuclei fertilizes the egg (zygote-diploid) --> one pollen nuclei fertilizes the endosperm (triploid endosperm)

Front 23

endosperm

Back 23

food supply for embryo (triploid)

Front 24

cotyledons

Back 24

embryonic leaves (first access to photosynthesis); cotyledons are NOT derived from meristem (true leaves ARE)

Front 25

first zygotic division

Back 25

asymmetric --> one daughter cell w/dense cytoplasm will become embryo --> large daughter cell forms a suspensor cell (links embryo and nutrient tissue, signals where root will be)

Front 26

seed coat

Back 26

protects seed; formed from parent ovule cells; resistant to drought and other unfavorable conditions

Front 27

importance of seeds

Back 27

1)maintain dormancy until good conditions
2) max protection for young plant in most vulnerable stage
3) contain food supply until photosynthesis can occur
4) help w/dispersal

Front 28

macronutrients

Back 28

major components structural for optimal plant growth (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur)

Front 29

micronutrients

Back 29

mineral required in minute amounts for plant growth (iron, chlorine, copper, maganese, zinc, etc)

Front 30

carbon

Back 30

major component of organic molecules

Front 31

oxygen

Back 31

major component of organic molecules

Front 32

hydrogen

Back 32

major component of organic molecules

Front 33

nirtogen

Back 33

amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, coenzymes, enzymes

Front 34

potassium

Back 34

protein synthesis, operation of stomata

Front 35

calcium

Back 35

cell walls, membrane structure and permeability, activates some enzymes

Front 36

magnesium

Back 36

component of chlorophyll meleculel activates many enzymes

Front 37

phosphorus

Back 37

ADP and ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids, several coenzymes

Front 38

sulfur

Back 38

components of some amino acids and proteins, coenzyme A

Front 39

copper (micronutrient)

Back 39

activator or component of certain enzymes

Front 40

top soil

Back 40

most roots found here; half occupied with spaces or pores (filled with air or water); helps give oxygen

Front 41

cultivation

Back 41

leaches soil --> crop rotation, fertilizers, and plowering under leftover plant material give back nutrients; nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium are the main items leached from soil (must come from soil, thus xylem carries)

Front 42

nitrogen fixation

Back 42

N2 -> N3 (ammonia) needed for amino acids -> converted by legumes or bacteria (plant provides protective environment)

Front 43

nodule

Back 43

root hair that traps bacteria and causes cell division with nitrogen-fixing bacteria within; L2 tissue

Front 44

carnivorous plants

Back 44

obtain nitrogen directly from other organisms

Front 45

mycorrhizae

Back 45

a symbiotic association btw fungi and the roots of a plant

Front 46

parasitic plants

Back 46

tap into vascular tissue of host plant for nutrients (instead of soil)

Front 47

phytoremediation

Back 47

process of removing contamination from soil or water using plants (release into air, degrade them into diff molecules, store them in structuarl tissue)

Front 48

fungi attack

Back 48

enter through stomata (L1), then grows into the L2 cells (ground cells are nutrient rich)

Front 49

Plant Poison

Back 49

chemical toxins (stops electron transport, blocking cellular respiration); stored in membrane-bound structures

Front 50

allelopathy

Back 50

chemical signal secreted by roots of one plant blocks germination of neighbors

Front 51

co-evolved with animals

Back 51

ACACIA trees provide ants with sugar in nectaries and ants provide predator protection

Front 52

Pathogen-specific response

Back 52

if R-gene recognize pathogen, hypersensitive response (rapid cell death around site -> pathogen cant grow b/c no nutrients at disposal), then systematic acquired response (allows plant to respond quickly if attacked again)

Front 53

wound responses

Back 53

volatile compound secreted attacks wasps, killing catepillar

Front 54

systemic acquired resistance

Back 54

all cells go on alert when attacked -> entire field can know that there is a pathogen

Front 55

prokaryotes

Back 55

bacteria and archaea

Front 56

eukaryotes

Back 56

protists and animals

Front 57

sponges (parazoa)

Back 57

lack specialized tissues (do have specialized cells); three cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm--flagellated draws water through numerous pores; sexual and fragmentation for reproduction

Front 58

radiata

Back 58

1) epidermis and nervous system develop from ectoderm
2)gastrodermis develops from endodermis
3) 2 groups: cnidaria and ctenophora

Front 59

Cnidaria

Back 59

RADIATA- nearly all marine -carnivorous -polyps and medusae -internal extracelluar digestion -(ex: hydroids, jellyfish, sea anemones, and coral)

Front 60

Ctenophora

Back 60

RADIATA comb jellies -eight comb-like plates of fused cilia propel through water

Front 61

Flatworms

Back 61

bilateral symmetry; acoelomates (digestive tract only internal cavity); absorb food through body walls; hermaphroditic; 3 cell layers; nerve core

Front 62

ribbon worms

Back 62

bilateral acoelomate simplest animals that possess a complete digestive system (mouth and anus)

Front 63

psuedocoelomates

Back 63

internal body cavity: serves as hydrostatic skeleton (gains rigidity from fluid pressure); lack defined circulatory system;

Front 64

roundworms (nematods)

Back 64

PSUEDOCOELOMATES sexual reproduction; unsegmented worms

Front 65

rotifers

Back 65

PSUEDOCOELOMATES bilaterally symetrical, aquatic

Front 66

cycliophora

Back 66

PSUEDOCOELOMATES

Front 67

Mollusks

Back 67

coelomates (allows animal to increase size and capartmentalize functions); gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda; bilateral; shells; open circ (except cephalopods); external fertilization;

Front 68

mantle

Back 68

occurs in mollusks: secretes shell

Front 69

Annelids

Back 69

(worms); segmenation: repeated, specialized, and connections; hydrostatic skeleton; closed circ system