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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotes
- later arrivals, "true" cells - have more membranes so more organels/ cell structures -e.g ER, nuclear membrane, mitochondria Prokaryotic cells - much older bacterial cells 3.5 billion years ago - no ER, no mitochondria, no nuclear membrane, no nucleas, have DNA |
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What is the efficiency difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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prokaryotes are bacteria they extract energy from glucose at 3 % efficiency,
when eukaryotes use mitochondria to extract glucose there is a 60% efficiency |
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What gases were present in the primitive atmosphere?
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methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H20), carbon (H2)
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What are the two types of cell division and where do they occur?
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1. mitosis- occurs in somatic tissue (bodily tissue not reproductive)
2. meiosis- occurs in germinal tissue (reproductive tissue) |
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Compare the amounts of cells dividing and cells dividing in babys, middle aged, and elderly people
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babys- cells dividing more than dieing
middle aged- cells dividing and dieing are equal elderly- cells dieing more than dividing |
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Why do cells mitose? Why do they divide?
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repair, growth, replacement
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what are the phases of mitosis?
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interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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What is interphase
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normal state of cell, visible nucleas, chromotin exists, longest phase (90% of cells life)
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What is prophase
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- first phase
- nucleoli are dissapearing -chromosomes appear - eventually nuclear membrane is gone - chromosomes are elongating and thicken - spindle fibers form |
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What happens in metaphase
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-chromosomes line up on imaginary equator
- chromosomes are most visible during this stage so its best time for chromosomal testing - spindle fibers attatch to centromere |
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What happens in anaphase
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- spindle fibers pull apart
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What happens in telophase
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- final stage
- cell plate appears reverse of prophase - chromosomes less visible - nuclear membrane/ nucleoli appear spindle fibers break down - expane to form a cell wall and seperate two cells |
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What is different about mitosis in animal cells tahn plant
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telophase a cleavage furrow forms and there is no cell wall forming because animals dont have one
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How long does mitosis last
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it depends on the organism but most cells it takes a few hours
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What happens during chromosomal testing on amniotic fluid
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extract 100 cc of amniotic fuid
- get fetal skin cells (called amniosentisis) -induce sychonous mitosis - arrest @ metaphase spread out chromosomes - stain chromosomes and look in phomicrograph to study - arrange from alrge to small Karyotype |
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Properties of the leaf
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photosynthesis
- autotrophic (produces its own food) - anabolic |
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What is the equation for phothosynthesis?
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6C02+12H20 --> C6H12O6+6O2+6H20
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What is the electromagnetic spectrum and which colors are most effective at causing photosynthesis?
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Red, Orange, yellow, green, indigo, violet = white light
- white light is most effective ut within red and violet - if you absorb red and violet you get green |
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What are the 3 phases of photosynthesis and what are their products
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1. photolysis - 2H+ and 2e-
2. light dependent reactions- ATP and NADPH2 3. light independent reactions- 1 PGAL or 1/2 glucose |
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What is the difference between photosynthesis and cell respiration
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- produces glucose using energy - occurs in chloroplasts CELL RESPIRATION - produces ATP using glucose -occurs in mitochondria |
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What are the 3 phases of cellular respiration? And in what kind of cells do they occur and where
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1. glycolisis-occurs in cytoplasm- both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
2. citric acid cycle- occurs in mitochondria- Eukaryotes 3. electron transport system- occurs in mitochondria Eukaryotes |
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What does glycolisis give us?
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- not high efficiency
- quick energy without oxygen - prepares glucose for mitochondria - provides intermediates (lactic acid, fat) |
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What product does 1 glucose give us in cellular respiration
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38 ATP
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What are the 7 criteria of life
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metabolism
reproduction growth respoce to stimuli evolution/adaption homeostasis cellular organization |
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WHat are the types of vacuoles
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1. food - has solid material in it
2. contractile- rid of excess water and metabolic waste 3. central - occurs in center of plant cells stores water, pigments, wasteproducts and food |
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What are the types of plastids
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1. chloroplast - photosynthetic organellles, produce food/nutrients e.g leaves
2. chromoplasts- have all the pigments (flowers, fruits) 3. leucoplasts- no pigments store foods |
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Function of centriole
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found in animal cells only
establish the plane of cell division |
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Function of mitochondria
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takes glucose and converts it to energy (called oxidative fosturilation)
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Function and location of DNA
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in nucleas
directs the process of turining amino acids into proteins |
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Endoplasmic reticulum types and functions
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smooth ER - without ribosomes, synthesize lipids (fats), breaksdown fatty acids, detoxifies, manufactures golgi bodies
rough ER- small ribosomes on the surface |
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What is the function of ribosomes
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located on rough ER
proteins are synthesized here in order to synthesisze you need amino acids which you get from eating protein and digesting it |
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Fucntion of golgi bodies
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manufactured in smooth ER
makes a final modification to the proteins made in ribosomes assembles lipids manufacture vesicles and secrete them out of the cell membrane produce lysosomes |
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Function of lysosomes
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structure that breaks down in (animal cell)
contains hydrolitic enzymes that use water to breakdown organic molecules for mitochondria like old organels (suicide bags) |
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What are enzymes
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proteins that control chemical reactions in the cell
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What is a nucleolus?
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spherical object in nucleas that makes RNA molecules (you can have 2 or 3 inside the nucleas)
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