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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sunflower
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means the "sun flower", can be used for oils, food, dyes, and folk remedies. The ancestors of the sunflower had highly branched stems and relatively small flower heads.
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Element
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a substance of only one type of atom. More than 90 elements occur naturally in nature.
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Atom
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composed of subatomic particles known as protons, neutrons, and electrons, and is the smallest possible unit of an element that has all the chemical and physical properties of that element.
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Macronutrients
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carbon, hydrogen, potassium, oxygen, nitrogen,phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium are called macronutrients because plants require larger quantities of these elements than others.
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Organic compounds
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things that all living things are composed of---carbon is one of the most important elements because it defines an organic compound.
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Trace elements
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elements that are required in small amounts in plants.
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Micronutrients
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elements that are required in small amounts in plants.
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Excited state
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when an electron absorbs energy and jumps to a higher shell.
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Atomic number
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an assigned number for each element that equals the number of protons in the atomic nucleus.
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Atomic mass number
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a number for each element which is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
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Isotope
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Atoms of the same elements (same atomic number) but that have different atomic mass numbers because they are heavier due to the addition of neutrons.
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Compounds
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a chemical substance that contains two or more different elements in definite proportions.
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Chemical bonds
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there are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and hydrogen. Chemical bonds describe the ways different elements are held together.
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Ionic bond
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formed between atoms that have lost and gained electrons between them. Ionic compounds tend to dissolve easily in water.
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Covalent bond
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when two or more atoms of the same or different elements share electrons. They are stronger than ionic bonds and can have either single, double, or triple bonds.
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Hydrogen bond
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when electrons are shared between two atoms of the same element and the electrons are shared equally.
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Ion
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a charged atom, that is caused when an atom either loses or gains electrons.
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Acid
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any substance that releases hydrogen ions in water
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Organic acid
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made up of carbon atoms, indicates the presence of life.
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Inorganic acid
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having a lack of carbon atoms, therefore not alive.
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Base
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any substance that releases negatively charged hydroxide ions in water, making it a basic or alkaline solution.
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pH scale
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a convenient way to express the relative acidity of a solution by a number. Anything less than 7 is acidic and anything greater than 7 is alkaline (basic). Water is neutral at 7.
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Polar covalent bond
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resulted when atoms differ in their ability to attract electrons and the electrons will be shared unequally. The best example can be found with a water molecule.
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Polar compound
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molecules that have distinct positive and negative poles, water is one example.
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Hydrogen bond
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where the positive pole attracts the negative pole of another polar molecule, they are weaker than covalent bonds. Hydrogen bonding allows polar organic substances to dissolve in water and also plays a significant role in the structure an function of many organic molecules, including DNA.
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Polar molecule
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molecules that form hydrogen bonds between the slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and the slightly negatively charged oxygen atoms of adjacent molecules.
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Specific heat
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the amount of heat required by a substance to raise the temperature of a gram of the substance by 1.0 degree Celsius.
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Carbohydrates
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organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ration 1C:2H:1O. It means "carbon-water. There are three types, monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
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Monosaccharides
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simple sugars with three to six carbon atoms. Glucose is the most common and the major carbohydrate circulating in our bloodstreams.
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Disaccharides
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made of two sugars, by connecting two monosaccharide molecules. Used for short-term energy shortage in plants. The most common is sucrose (table sugar), which comes from sugarcane. Sucrose is a form of glucose and fructose by a process called dehydration.
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Polysaccharides
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made up of many sugars, done by connecting molecules of monosaccharides. Not water soluble, Starch is an element of polysaccharides and remains in the cells for long-term plant storage.
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Dehydration/Synthesis
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the process in which sucrose and fructose are formed, the hydrogen is removed, leaving the two simple sugars joined by a single covalent bonds to oxygen.
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Lipids
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a more diverse group of organic compounds than carbohydrates. Generally have an oily texture and are insoluble in water. There are three types: 1)fats, oil, and waxes 2)phospholipids and 3)steroids. They are primarily composed of hydrogen and carbon, with only small amounts of oxygen.
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Glycerol
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a three-carbon molecule with three hydroxyl groups along one side. One of the building blocks of fats and oils.
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Fatty acids
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long, unbranched chains of -CH2 groups with an acidic carboxyl group on the end. One of the building blocks of fats and oils.
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Hydrophobic
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"water fearing" substances, such as fats and oils that cannot dissolve in water. Nonpolar molecules cannot interact with polar water molecules and cannot dissolve in it.
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Hydrophilic
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"water loving" substances, such as the phosphate and water group that are soluble in water.
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Steroids
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composed of four carbon rings with various functional side groups, a type of lipid (is generally extracted from the plant called "foxglove").
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Catalyst
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any substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up itself.
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Enzymes
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certain proteins that act as biochemical catalysts and regulate the rates at which every biochemical process occurs in living plants.
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Proteins
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complex organic molecules that are composed of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Proteins are assembled from amino acids.
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Amino acids
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small, simple organic molecules that consist of a central carbon atom to which are bonded a hydrogen atom, an amino groupd containing nitrogen, an acidic carboxyl group, and a side chain (represented by the letter R). Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds into polypeptides. There are 20 different amino acids in proteins and each has a unique side chain, which determines the proper ties of that particular amino acid.
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Activation energy
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an input of energy required to break and reform covalent bonds into a new arrangement (for plants, this may come in the form of increased temperature). They raise their temperatures through the use of a catalyst.
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Active site
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when enyzmes are folded in such a way that they have grooves or pockets on their surface
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Cofactors
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enyzmes that require one or more nonprotein components for their normal function, may be metal ions such as magnesium or an organic molecule.
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Coenzymes
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cofactors that are organic molecules.
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Nucleic acids
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large organic molecules composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phophorus, and nitrogen. Made of long chains of smaller subunits
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Nucleotides
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long chains of smaller subunits that make up nucleic acids, consisting of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base that is rich in nitrogen.
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Double helix
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in DNA, two strands of a nucleic acid that wind around each other in a twisted ladder-like form.
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Secondary compounds
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molecules produced by plants, algae, or fungi that are not found in all species. Secondary compounds are used for defense, specialized structures, or reproduction.
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Lignin
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a phenolic polymer that gives wood its strength and also confers resistance to microbial attack. Only a few microbes that function as decomposers can break down lignin, which is why wood makes good building materials and why wood rots slowly.
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Anthocyanin
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a flavonoid that attract animal pollinators or dispersal agents to flowers and fruits.
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