Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
403 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
…Survived to maturity were tetraploid, with chromosome sets of both diploid parent species. Based on these results, if this type of tetraploid formed in the wild, what would be the result?
|
The tetraploids would be reproductively isolated from both parent species.
|
|
|
A human in plate armor is morphologically more similar to
|
an arthropod
|
|
|
A key link between bubbles and cells is:
|
That they needed a hereditary molecule
|
|
|
A mycelium that has undergone plasmogamy with other mycelium is:
|
n+n
|
|
|
According to the endosymbiosis theory, formerly free-living bacteria became incorporated into other bacteria and gave rise to:
|
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
|
|
|
Adaptive radiations are:
|
require speciation, adaptation, are descended from a common ancestor
|
|
|
After that, you saw an animal that was predatory with radial symmetry in the same ocean. You saw a/an:
|
sea star
|
|
|
All organisms fall into ____ kingdoms in ____ domains.
|
Six, three
|
|
|
Amoebas tend to be:
|
Heterotrophs
|
|
|
An entomological researcher examines a drawer of beetles collected 90 years ago, and finds a new species from a remote area of New Guinea that looks different than other species he’s seen before. He is likely using the:
|
morphological species concept
|
|
|
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses have which of these characteristics?
|
The ability to enter a cell and make more copies of themselves using host proteins
|
|
|
Bacteria and Archaea are very diverse and abundant groups. What allows them to occupy different habitats?
|
Metabolic diversity
|
|
|
Cyanobacteria dominate many marine and freshwater environments. They became very numerous 2.7 billion years ago. Which of their features was responsible for such success?
|
ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis
|
|
|
Do species ever hybridize?
|
Plants often, animals rarely
|
|
|
Does treating a viral infection with antibiotics affect the course of the infection?
|
No; antibiotics do not kill viruses, because viruses use host proteins to replicate and antibiotics affect bacterial proteins.
|
|
|
For most of its lifecycle, a cnidarian is:
|
diploid
|
|
|
Gram negative bacteria:
|
Have an outer membrane
|
|
|
HIV goes through a dormant stage, where the viruses do not replicate themselves using cell machinery. What type of reproduction does this correspond to?
|
The lysogenic cycle
|
|
|
How do viruses that infect animals enter an animal’s cells?
|
The viruses bind to a membrane protein.
|
|
|
How many species of dusky seaside sparrows would the phylogenetic species concept recognize?
|
2
|
|
|
If the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what would you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?
|
The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time.
|
|
|
If you are looking at an organism that is multicellular, eukaryotic and photosynthetic, you are probably looking at:
|
A plant
|
|
|
If you wanted to identify an unfamiliar protostome with a limbless, wormlike body, which characteristic would not be helpful to look at?
|
whether the organism moved using a hydrostatic skeleton
|
|
|
If you were diving and found a sessile animal with spicules, you would be observing a:
|
sponge
|
|
|
In a terrestrial habitat that has undergone several consecutive years of drought, which animal population would you expect to be most negatively affected?
|
frogs
|
|
|
In animals, why are fungal infections such as athlete’s foot so much harder to cure than bacterial infections?
|
Fungi and animals are more closely related than bacteria and animals.
|
|
|
In spring, species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species?
|
The two species do not breed in the same area, so they are reproductively isolated by allopatry.
|
|
|
In the picture above, which pair of organisms are the closest relatives?
|
The human and the fungi.
|
|
|
In what respect do humans differ from all other primates?
|
bipedal posture
|
|
|
Island evolution and niche convergence of species are _____ evidence for evolution.
|
Biogeographic
|
|
|
Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer, and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall. They spend the winter in these warmer areas, where they feed and prepare for spring migration north and another breeding season. Two hypothetical species of sparrow, A and B, overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In the spring, species a goes to the east coast of North America, species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species?
|
The two species do not breed in the same area, so they are reproductively isolated by allopatry.
|
|
|
Natural selection for traits that keep distinct populations from reproducing with each other is called reinforcement. When is reinforcement beneficial?
|
when hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population
|
|
|
Phytoplankton is comprised of photosynthetic protists and bacteria. For the most part, humans do not consume phytoplankton. Why, then, are they important to humans?
|
They are food for many marine organisms that humans eat.
|
|
|
Polyploidy is most common in what type of organisms?
|
Plants
|
|
|
Prevention of gamete fusion is:
|
A prezygotic mechanism
|
|
|
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms include all of the following EXCEPT:
|
Hybrid sterility
|
|
|
Protists and bacteria share one way of moving in their environment, using:
|
flagella
|
|
|
Referring to the figure above, what antivenom would you administer to a person bitten by a King brown snake?
|
red-bellied black snake
|
|
|
Researchers examined mating calls of pairs of closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement of prezygotic isolation is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry and allopatry?
|
Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry.
|
|
|
Speciation occurs most frequently in populations that are:
|
Allopatric
|
|
|
Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because:
|
Spores are unicellular; seeds are not
|
|
|
Suppose all of the suspension feeders were removed from a lake. What would you expect to happen after some time?
|
The water would become murkier.
|
|
|
The dominant stage for ferns is the diploid stage called the:
|
sporophyte
|
|
|
The gametophyte of Ulva is:
|
haploid
|
|
|
The lineage Ecdysozoans are characterized by:
|
molting
|
|
|
The more closely related two species are:
|
The more similar their DNA is
|
|
|
The most numerous and diverse group of animals are:
|
arthropods
|
|
|
The reason there was a great deal of plant mass that did not decompose during the Carboniferous period is because:
|
few species of fungi were present.
|
|
|
The sexually reproducing stage of a cnidarian (jellyfish) is a:
|
medusa
|
|
|
The snails, being totally aquatic, cannot cross from one lake to the other. At some point in the future, the climate becomes wetter and the lake refills. Assuming an annual generation, how many years must the populations have remained divided for reproductive isolation between them to evolve?
|
In theory, speciation could occur within a few generations, or it could take thousands of generations. There is no general answer to this question.
|
|
|
The snake family Typhlopidae consists of small, burrowing species with vestigial eyes. They are found in Australia, sub-Saharan Africa, India and some adjacent areas, and South America. What is the most likely explanation for this distribution?
|
origin on Gondwana followed by continental drift and some range expansion
|
|
|
Three populations of birds look very similar, but the males have territorial songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the two populations came in contact?
|
a prezygotic isolating mechanism
|
|
|
Ulva’s lifecycle is unique because:
|
the sporophyte and gametophyte have the same phenotype
|
|
|
What animal was most similar to an ancestral whale?
|
A wolf
|
|
|
What do Bacteria have in common with Archaea but not with Eukarya?
|
absence of nucleus
|
|
|
What is not true of all arthropods?
|
They metamorphose during development.
|
|
|
What is only found in eukaryotes?
|
Nucleus
|
|
|
What other experiment do researchers need to perform to be absolutely sure that the bacterium is responsible for the disease?
|
Isolate the bacterium from a sick animal and demonstrate that it is the same bacterium as the one used for infection
|
|
|
What type of selection tends to result in speciation?
|
Disruptive selection
|
|
|
When transported to streams above waterfalls, guppy populations evolved more spots because:
|
Predators were absent
|
|
|
Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?
|
the amniotic egg
|
|
|
Which is the most well-supported hypothesis for why Chytridiomycota are the only fungi with flagellated cells?
|
They live in aquatic habitats.
|
|
|
Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the above phylogeny based on DNA sequence data?
|
segmentation
|
|
|
Which of the following counteracts reproductive isolation?
|
Gene flow
|
|
|
Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in speciation?
|
genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence
|
|
|
Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation?
|
Gene flow
|
|
|
Which of the following is a TRUE statement?
|
There are over 6 billion people on this planet at the current time.
|
|
|
Which of the following is associated with the human disease malaria?
|
Plasmodium
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a theory for the first biological molecule?
|
DNA world
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a type of archaebacteria?
|
cyanobacteria
|
|
|
Which of the following is not found in a virus?
|
Metabolic Proteins
|
|
|
Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution?
|
Change in allele frequencies in a population over time
|
|
|
Which of the following movements are matched correctly with the appendage that facilitates that movement in protests?
|
Swimming; flagella
|
|
|
Which of the following results would support Simard et al.’s (1997) hypothesis that fungi can move carbon from one plant to another? Hypothesis: Sugars made by one plant during photosynthesis can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant.
|
Carbon-14 is found in the Douglas fir seedling’s tissues and carbon-13 in the birch.
|
|
|
Which of the following statements about Pax6 is FALSE?
|
Pax6 is required for eye formation in planaria
|
|
|
Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy?
|
Animals rarely self-fertilize, so diploid gametes are less likely to fuse.
|
|
|
Which of the following statements is TRUE about lateral gene transfer and the history of life on Earth?
|
It occurred often early in the history of life
|
|
|
Which of the following would best be described as a case of speciation in sympatry?
|
An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.
|
|
|
Which of these are spore-producing structures?
|
Sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
|
|
|
Which of these innovations allowed the growth of large land plants?
|
Vascular tissue
|
|
|
Which of these is a postzygotic isolation mechanism?
|
Mules are sterile
|
|
|
Which of these is a spore-producing structure?
|
sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
|
|
|
Which of these is an example of post-zygotic isolation?
|
Lower hatch rate of hybrid eggs
|
|
|
Which of these is associated with the haploid stage of plants?
|
Pollen
|
|
|
Which of these is NOT related to sympatric speciation?
|
Allopatry
|
|
|
Which of these is not true?
|
Fungi create carbon in the environment
|
|
|
Which of these is NOT unique to living things:
|
Carbon
|
|
|
Which of these processes does not result in the formation of a different generation in a plant’s sexual life cycle?
|
mitosis
|
|
|
Which of these stages is characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
|
Cell divides, transmitting the virus to daughter cells
|
|
|
Which set contains the most closely related terms?
|
Megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
|
|
|
Which type of selection is likely to function during sympatric speciation?
|
Disruptive selection
|
|
|
Why are terrestrial fungal mycelium nearly always found within their food sources (underground, within wood, inside the bodies of dead organisms)?
|
Their high surface area, which is so efficient for absorptive feeding, makes them prone to drying out.
|
|
|
Why have soapberry bugs feeding on nonnative hosts evolved shorter beaks than those feeding on their native host plant?
|
The nonnative host species have smaller fruits; natural selection favors bugs with a shorter beak length on these hosts.
|
|
|
You are diving in the Pacific Ocean and you observe an animal with a cartilaginous skeleton. What do you see?
|
A shark
|
|
|
…Survived to maturity were tetraploid, with chromosome sets of both diploid parent species. Based on these results, if this type of tetraploid formed in the wild, what would be the result?
|
The tetraploids would be reproductively isolated from both parent species.
|
|
|
A key link between bubbles and cells is:
|
That they needed a hereditary molecule
|
|
|
A monophyletic group would be best described as
|
a grouping of all species descended from a common ancestor, including that ancestor.
|
|
|
A mycelium that has undergone plasmogamy with other mycelium is:
|
n+n
|
|
|
A small number of birds arrive on an island from a neighboring larger island. This small population begins to adapt to the new food plants available on the island, and their beaks begin to change. About twice a year, one or two more birds from the neighboring island arrive. What effect do these new arrive. What effect do these new arrivals have?
|
z
|
|
|
According to the endosymbiosis theory, formerly free-living bacteria became incorporated into other bacteria and gave rise to:
|
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
|
|
|
According to the endosymbiotic theory, what type of organism is the ancestor of the chloroplast?
|
a photosynthetic bacterium
|
|
|
Adaptive radiation
|
a single lineage produces a large number of species that are adapted to many habitats
|
|
|
Adaptive radiations are:
|
require speciation, adaptation, are descended from a common ancestor
|
|
|
AIDS:
|
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. A decline in the immune system caused by the death of killer T cells by HIV.
|
|
|
All of the following are true for virus replication EXCEPT:
|
viruses can make ribosomes necessary to translate mRNA
|
|
|
All organisms fall into ____ kingdoms in ____ domains.
|
Six, three
|
|
|
Allopatry:
|
the formation of species in two different locations.
|
|
|
Alveolata
|
have sacs, ciliata, dinoflagellata, apicomplexa
|
|
|
AMF
|
penetrates cell wall of plant to fix nitrogen
|
|
|
Amoebas tend to be:
|
Heterotrophs
|
|
|
An entomological researcher examines a drawer of beetles collected 90 years ago, and finds a new species from a remote area of New Guinea that looks different than other species he’s seen before. He is likely using the:
|
morphological species concept
|
|
|
Angiosperm is the
|
only monophyletic group in all of plajnts
|
|
|
Angiosperms
|
monophyletic, flowering plants, monocots and dicots
|
|
|
Antibiotics:
|
molecules that kill bacteria.
|
|
|
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses have which of these characteristics?
|
the ability to enter a cell and make more copies of themselves using host proteins
|
|
|
Ascomycota
|
form spores in asci (sacs)
|
|
|
Ascomycota
|
make sac-like ascus
|
|
|
Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fist gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?
|
loss of chloroplasts
|
|
|
At which two events in this life cycle does mitosis occur?
|
Between Sporangium and Spores, and Between Egg/Sperm and Zygote. The spores are formed through mitosis, and after fertilization, the zygote grows by mitosis
|
|
|
Aveolata, marince plankton
|
ciliata…fix carbone from atmoshpere and ocean, ,lie in digestive tracks of grazers'
|
|
|
Bacteria and Archaea are very diverse and abundant groups. What allows them to occupy different habitats?
|
Metabolic diversity
|
|
|
Bacteriophage:
|
A virus that attacks bacteria.
|
|
|
Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls allowing cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypothesis is most plausible?
|
If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another
|
|
|
Basidiomycota
|
form spores on basidia (little pedestals)
|
|
|
Basidiomycota
|
make pedestal-like basidium
|
|
|
Biological Species Concept:
|
this concept uses interbreeding as the criterion for defining species. Individuals that can breed and produce fertile offspring are in the same species.
|
|
|
Biologists have succeeded in identifying four major groups of fungi. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
|
Heterokaryotic
|
|
|
By observing the figure, during which phase of the lysogenetic cycle is the viral genome replicated?
|
C
|
|
|
By observing the figure, during which phase of the lytic cycle is the viral genome replicated?
|
B
|
|
|
Carboniferous period had…
|
no fungi
|
|
|
Carnivores
|
Consumers that eat both herbivores and carnivores.
|
|
|
Cell crawling
|
sliding movement performed by some protests, involving cytoplasmic streaming.
|
|
|
chlaydiales
|
endosymbionts, chlamydia
|
|
|
Chytridiomycota
|
make chytid-like motile gametes and spores
|
|
|
Chytridiomycota
|
make swimming gametes and spores
|
|
|
chytrids
|
only fungi with swimming sperm, only fungi in water, gut of cows
|
|
|
Cladistic methods of phylogenetics depend upon
|
identifying monophyletic groups based on shared, derived characters
|
|
|
CO2 Cycle
|
Plants fix CO2 from air for grownth, fungi digest the decomposing trees and recycled the garbon, digest trees (only things able to digest celluouse, co2 from cellular respiration, atmospheric CO@
|
|
|
Colonization:
|
the migration of individuals to a new habitat.
|
|
|
Commensals
|
Two organisms that live together, but appear to have no effect on each other.
|
|
|
Cotyledon
|
the first leaf in an embryonic plant.
|
|
|
Crenarcheota
|
source = archea, love extreme environments
|
|
|
Cuticle
|
Waxy covering on leaves allowing plants to avoid dessication on land.
|
|
|
Cyanobacteria = Blue green algae
|
photosynthesis, changed atmosphere (2.4-2.2 billion year ago), anoxic dead zone (Cyano + Nitrogen = dead)
|
|
|
Cyanobacteria dominate many marine and freshwater environments. They became very numerous 2.7 billion years ago. Which of their features was responsible for such success?
|
ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis
|
|
|
Diplomonadida
|
giardia, asexually reproduction, animal guts
|
|
|
Discicristata
|
cristae in mitochondria, Euglena, amoeba, malaria, sleeping sickness
|
|
|
Do species ever hybridize?
|
Plants often, animals rarely
|
|
|
Does treating a viral infection with antibiotics affect the course of the infection?
|
No; antibiotics do not kill viruses, because viruses use host proteins to replicate and antibiotics affect bacterial proteins
|
|
|
Double Standed DNA Virus (dsdNA)
|
Small pox, have to enter nucleus to be replicated (cant get plants)
|
|
|
Double Stranded RNA Viruses (dsRNA)
|
noneveloped, lots of hosts, attacks penicillan
|
|
|
During the "Silurian-Devonian explosion," what occurred?
|
Most major lineages of land plants appear in the fossil record.
|
|
|
EMF
|
sheath around plant root
|
|
|
Endophytic
|
fungi that live above ground in plants.
|
|
|
Epidemic:
|
A disease that infects a large number of people at the same time.
|
|
|
Ewald predicted that virulent strains are
|
favored when transmission rates are high
|
|
|
Extremophiles:
|
Bacteria that grow under incredibly harsh conditions, such as high pressure, high temperature, high salinity.
|
|
|
Fermentation:
|
The process of making ATP that does not involve electron transport. This is not as efficient as respiration.
|
|
|
For most of its lifecycle, a cnidarian is:
|
diploid
|
|
|
Fungi reproduction cycle
|
z
|
|
|
Gametophyte
|
The haploid stage of a plant, either male or female
|
|
|
Gram negative bacteria:
|
Bacteria that have a plasma membrane, a peptidoglycan coat, and an outer phospholipids bilayer. These bacteria do not stain in the presence of Gram stain, and look pink.
|
|
|
Gram negative bacteria:
|
Have an outer membrane
|
|
|
Gram positive bacteria:
|
Bacteria that have a plasma membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan coat that stains purple in the presence of Gram stain.
|
|
|
Gymnosperm dominant stage
|
sporophyte dominant stage, conifers
|
|
|
Harmful algal bloom
|
red tide: a high density of toxin-producing protists, that affect filter feeding sea life
|
|
|
Herbivores
|
Consumers that eat plants exclusively.
|
|
|
HIV goes through a dormant stage, where the viruses do not replicate themselves using cell machinery. What type of reproduction does this correspond to?
|
The lysogenic cycle
|
|
|
HIV uses what to gain entry into cells
|
CD4 protein
|
|
|
HIV:
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus. A virus that attacks the immune system, eventually causing death due to secondary infections or diseases.
|
|
|
How are algal blooms (red tides) typically harmful to humans.
|
Algae cannot be successfully filter out of drinking water, shellfish eat the harmful algae and humans eat the contaminated shellfish, humans can become poisoned when swimming in contaminated water
|
|
|
How are gymnosperms and angiosperms similar?
|
plants in both groups produce seeds and pollen
|
|
|
How do animal viruses enter cells
|
they bind to a membrane protein
|
|
|
How do fungi digest lignin?
|
lignin peroxidase?
|
|
|
How do molecules that function as electron donors and electron acceptors differ?
|
Electron donors are more reducel electron acceptors are more oxidized
|
|
|
How do viruses that infect animals enter an animal’s cells?
|
The viruses bind to a membrane protein.
|
|
|
How is direct sequencing used?
|
to determine where organisms that cannot be cultured are placed on the tree of life
|
|
|
How many different proteins does HIV contain?
|
8
|
|
|
How many species of dusky seaside sparrows would the phylogenetic species concept recognize?
|
2
|
|
|
Hybrid zone:
|
the location of overlap and interbreeding of two species.
|
|
|
Hybrid:
|
an intermediate form between two species.
|
|
|
hyphae
|
broken into compartments by septa, has cell wall and pores
|
|
|
Hyphae
|
individual fungal filaments.
|
|
|
If a protist has just generate a spore, what process has it just experienced?
|
Mitosis
|
|
|
If food sources begin to run out, hyphae respond by making spores. Why?
|
The leading hypothesis is that spore prodcution is favored by natural selection when hyphae are under nutritional stress
|
|
|
If reinforcement of prezygotic isolation is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry and allopatry?
|
Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry
|
|
|
If the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what would you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?
|
The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time.
|
|
|
If which way does HIV kill its host?
|
indirectly
|
|
|
If you are looking at an organism that is multicellular, eukaryotic and photosynthetic, you are probably looking at:
|
A plant
|
|
|
If you wanted to identify an unfamiliar protostome with a limbless, wormlike body, which characteristic would not be helpful to look at?
|
whether the organism moved using a hydrostatic skeleton
|
|
|
If you were diving and found a sessile animal with spicules, you would be observing a:
|
sponge
|
|
|
Imagine a lake containing a single population of snails. During a period of drought, the shallow middle of the lake dries up, creating two separate populations. The snails, being totally aquatic, cannot cross from one lake to the other. At some point in the future, the climate becomes wetter and the lake refills. Assuming an annual generation, how many years must the populations have remained divided for reproductive isolation between them to evolve?
|
In theory, speciation could occur within a few generations or it could take thousands of generations. There is no general answer to this question
|
|
|
Imagine that a mutation occurs in a host cell, causing a virus to acquire its membrane-like envelope from the endoplasmic reticulum rather than the plasma membrane. The consequences of this mutation are most likely:
|
Virus is trapped in the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Imagine two populations descended from a single bird species. After a period of geographic isolation, the populations resume inhabiting the same region. Assuming the only differences between the populations are those listed, which of the following factors would most likely prevent interbreeding?
|
Population A performs its mating calls in the upper branches of trees; population B performs on the ground.
|
|
|
In a terrestrial habitat that has undergone several consecutive years of drought, which animal population would you expect to be most negatively affected?
|
frogs
|
|
|
In animals, why are fungal infections such as athlete’s foot so much harder to cure than bacterial infections?
|
Fungi and animals are more closely related than bacteria and animals.
|
|
|
In ecological food webs, fungi tend to be:
|
decomposers
|
|
|
In spring, species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species?
|
The two species do not breed in the same area, so they are reproductively isolated by allopatry.
|
|
|
In the picture above, which pair of organisms are the closest relatives?
|
The human and the fungi.
|
|
|
In what respect do humans differ from all other primates?
|
bipedal posture
|
|
|
In which of the following ways are cellulase enzymes similar to the peroxidase enzymes?
|
Cellulases are extracellular digestive enzymes
|
|
|
Island evolution and niche convergence of species are _____ evidence for evolution.
|
Biogeographic
|
|
|
Karyogamy
|
the fusion of two separate haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus.
|
|
|
Koch’s postulates:
|
Used to determine a link between a disease and its cause.
|
|
|
Lichens
|
are the most prevalent colonizers of bare rock surfaces
|
|
|
Low GC
|
spores
|
|
|
Malaria
|
a disease caused by the parasitic protist Plasmodium. Symptoms include lysis of red blood cells, anemia, and fever.
|
|
|
Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of pairs of closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement of prezygotic isolation is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the 2 speciesin zones of sympatry and allopatry?
|
Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry
|
|
|
Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer, and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall. They spend the winter in these warmer areas where they feed and prepare for the spring migration north and and another breeding season. Two hypothetical species of sparrow, A and B, overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In spring, species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species.
|
The two species do not breed in the same area, so they are reproductively isolated by allopatry.
|
|
|
Megaspores:
|
haploid female cells that develop into eggs.
|
|
|
Microbiologists use the Gram stain to aid in identification of bacteria. What is the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
|
overall structure of the cell wall
|
|
|
Microspores
|
haploid male cells that develop into pollen (= plant sperm).
|
|
|
Monophyletic:
|
A lineage that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.
|
|
|
Morphospecies concept:
|
this concept uses structure as the criterion for defining species.If a biologist can recognize a consistent difference between populations, then those If a biologist can recognize a consistent difference between populations, then those populations represent different species.
|
|
|
Moss life cycle
|
haploid gametophte is dominant stage
|
|
|
Mosses dominant stage
|
gametophyte
|
|
|
Mules are sre sterile, this is an example of
|
postzygotic isolation method
|
|
|
Multicellularity is defined in part by the presence of distinctive cell types. At the cellular level, what does this criterion imply?
|
Different cell types express different genes.
|
|
|
mycelium
|
made of hyphae, in ground
|
|
|
Mycelium
|
multicellular, filamentous fungi.
|
|
|
Mycorrhizal
|
fungi associated with plant roots; they capture nitrogen from the soil.
|
|
|
Natural selection favors alleles that allow viruses to do which of the following?
|
replicate within a host
|
|
|
Natural selection for traits that keep distinct populations from reproducing with each other is called reinforcement. When is reinforcement beneficial?
|
when hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population
|
|
|
Negative Sense Single Stranded RNA (-ssRNA)
|
mumps, measles, <emerging virus threat, switch from a traditional host to humans>
|
|
|
Nonvascular
|
liverwarts, mosses, hornwart
|
|
|
Observing the figure, which of the following is NOT part of the endosymbiotic theory?
|
Bacterium supplies the bacterium with reduced-carbon compounds.
|
|
|
Omnivores
|
Organisms that eat both consumers and producers.
|
|
|
Paleontologists studying fossilized therapsids (a group of mammal-like reptiles that are now extinct) would probably be using which of the following species concepts?
|
the morphospecies concept
|
|
|
Parabasalida
|
parsitic, single nucleus, reproduce asexually and sexually, Trichomonas
|
|
|
Pathogenic
|
The ability to cause disease.
|
|
|
Permian had…
|
fungi arose
|
|
|
Phylogenetic species concept:
|
this concept uses evolutionary history as the criterion for defining species. A species is an ancestor and all of the descendants of the most exclusively recognized lineage.
|
|
|
Phytoplankton is comprised of photosynthetic protists and bacteria. For the most part, humans do not consume phytoplankton. Why, then, are they important to humans?
|
They are food for many marine organisms that humans eat.
|
|
|
Plasmodium
|
Malaria (apicomplexa) malaria reuqires two hosts, mosquito and vertebrate
|
|
|
Plasmogamy
|
the fusion of cytoplasm of two different fungi; the nuclei remain separate
|
|
|
Pollen
|
haploid
|
|
|
Polyploidy is most common in what type of organisms?
|
Plants
|
|
|
Positive Sense Single Stranded RNA (+ssRNA)
|
viral RNA is directly made into host protein, common cold, hepatitis
|
|
|
Prevention of gamete fusion is:
|
A prezygotic mechanism
|
|
|
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms include all of the following EXCEPT:
|
Hybrid sterility
|
|
|
Pre-zygotic isolation:
|
any mechanism that prevents mating or fertilization between two species.
|
|
|
Producers
|
Organisms that store energy derived from primary sources (i.e. sun, soil, etc.).
|
|
|
Proteobacteria
|
fruiting bodies, spores, no oxygenic photosynthesis, nitrogen fixers
|
|
|
Protists and bacteria share one way of moving in their environment, using:
|
flagella
|
|
|
Protists grouping
|
were grouped together because they were small, does not reflect evolution, are paraphyletic
|
|
|
Red Algae
|
ancestral to modern land plants, engulfed cyanobacteria
|
|
|
Referring to the figure above, what antivenom would you administer to a person bitten by a King brown snake?
|
red-bellied black snake
|
|
|
Reinforcement of speciation refers to
|
natural selection to increase prezygotic isolation imposed by reduced fitness in hybrid offspring.
|
|
|
Reinforcement:
|
maitanence of species limits when two species come back into contact.
|
|
|
Reisenberg and colleagues recently tested the hypothesis that the sunflower Helianthus anomalus originated as a hybrid between H. annuus and H. petiolaris. What of the following findings would NOT support this hypothesis?
|
Most of the gene sequences in H. anomalus are different from either H. annuus or H. petiolaris
|
|
|
reproductive fungi structure
|
above ground
|
|
|
Research has revealed a variety of viral genome types, which of the following is not one of them?
|
DNA triple-stranded
|
|
|
Researchers examined mating calls of pairs of closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement of prezygotic isolation is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry and allopatry?
|
Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry.
|
|
|
RNA Reverse Transcribing Viruses, Retroviruses
|
HIV, affects vertebrates only
|
|
|
Rohwer and colleagues used mitochondrial DNA to study the hybrid zone between Townsend’s warbler and hermit warblers. Why was mitochondrial DNA so useful in this study?
|
mtDNA is maternally inherited, so the researchers were able to discover that most hybrids resulted from Townsend’s males mating with hermit females.
|
|
|
Saprophytes
|
an organism that digests rotting, dead material.
|
|
|
Seedless vascular plant life cycle
|
sporophyte is dominant stage, need wind to disperse, ferns
|
|
|
Slime molds
|
super cells, many nuclei, important decomposers, intermediate between plants and animals
|
|
|
Speciation occurs most frequently in populations that are:
|
Allopatric
|
|
|
Speciation:
|
the process of populations diverging from one another to have independent evolutionary fates.
|
|
|
Species:
|
a population or populations that are evolutionarily independent.
|
|
|
Spirochetes
|
fementation, lyme diseases, syphillis
|
|
|
Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because:
|
Spores are unicellular; seeds are not
|
|
|
Sporophyte:
|
Results from the union of two haploid gametophytes, diploid.
|
|
|
Stamenopila
|
oomytcota, diatoms, phaeophyta
|
|
|
Stomata:
|
Pores in leaves that allow gas exchange in leaves, but are able to close to avoid water loss
|
|
|
Subspecies:
|
a subunit of species that have their own distinguishing characteristics.
|
|
|
Suppose all of the suspension feeders were removed from a lake. What would you expect to happen after some time?
|
The water would become murkier.
|
|
|
Sympatry:
|
the formation of species in the same habitat at the same time.
|
|
|
The appearance of cuticle and stomata correlated with what event in the evolution of land plants?
|
Growth on land
|
|
|
The Biological Species Concept defines species in terms of
|
reproductive isolation
|
|
|
The dominant stage for ferns is the diploid stage called the:
|
sporophyte
|
|
|
The early ancestor of the fungi
|
was a protsit
|
|
|
The fire-bellied toad, Bombus bombinda, is found throughout central and eastern Europe, whereas the yellow-bellied toad, Bombus variegata, is found in southern and western Europe. These species meet in a hybrid zone that runs for hundreds of miles between the two populations. If there is strong postzygotic isolation due to genetic incompatibility in the hybrids, what would you predict about the width of the hybrid zone?
|
The zone will be narrow everywhere because hybrids generally do not produce viable or fertile offspring.
|
|
|
The fossil record and molecular phylogenies agree that green algae appeared relatively recently. Which of the following groups shares a recent common ancestor with green algae?
|
land plants
|
|
|
The gametophyte of Ulva is:
|
haploid
|
|
|
The lineage Ecdysozoans are characterized by:
|
molting
|
|
|
The more closely related two species are:
|
The more similar their DNA is
|
|
|
The most numerous and diverse group of animals are:
|
arthropods
|
|
|
The reason there was a great deal of plant mass that did not decompose during the Carboniferous period is because:
|
few species of fungi were present.
|
|
|
The sexually reproducing stage of a cnidarian (jellyfish) is a:
|
medusa
|
|
|
The snails, being totally aquatic, cannot cross from one lake to the other. At some point in the future, the climate becomes wetter and the lake refills. Assuming an annual generation, how many years must the populations have remained divided for reproductive isolation between them to evolve?
|
In theory, speciation could occur within a few generations, or it could take thousands of generations. There is no general answer to this question.
|
|
|
The snake family Typhlopidae consists of small, burrowing species with vestigial eyes. They are found in Australia, sub-Saharan Africa, India and some adjacent areas, and South America. What is the most likely explanation for this distribution?
|
origin on Gondwana followed by continental drift and some range expansion
|
|
|
They isolated the bacterium in a pure culture and demonstrated that experimental healthy animals injected with this culture became sick. What other experiment do researchers need to perform to be absolutely sure that the bacterium is responsible for the disease?
|
Isolate bacterium from a sick animal and demonstrate that it is the same bacterium as the one used for infection
|
|
|
This figure represents a study completed by S. D. Johnson and K. E. Steiner. They artificially shortened the spur of a population of flowers with long spurs to determine if spur length affects the fitness of individuals in these populations. What did they conclude from their results?
|
Artificial shortening of spurs lowers pollination success.
|
|
|
Three populations of birds look very similar, but the males have territorial songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the two populations came in contact?
|
a prezygotic isolating mechanism
|
|
|
To make a vaccine against the smallpox virus, researchers use a related virus that infects cows but not humans. When humans are infected with the cow virus, they become immune to the small pox virus. This is an example of:
|
an attenuated virus vaccine
|
|
|
Tracheids
|
Woody vessels that allow water transport within plants.
|
|
|
Trees represent the
|
sporophyte stage
|
|
|
Two groups of protists
|
Diplomonadia and Parabasalida
|
|
|
Two hypothetical species of sparrow, A and B, overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In spring, species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species?
|
The two species do not breed in the same area, so they are reproductively isolated by allopatry.
|
|
|
Ulva’s lifecycle is unique because:
|
the sporophyte and gametophyte have the same phenotype
|
|
|
Using the information contained in the figure, which of the following is NOT an electron acceptor?
|
NH3
|
|
|
Vaccine:
|
A treatment of exposing a patient to killed virus to stimulate the immune system to build antibodies.
|
|
|
Vicariance refers to
|
a pattern of speciation in which a population is subdivided by a geographic barrier.
|
|
|
Vicariance:
|
the physical splitting of a habitat.
|
|
|
Virulent:
|
The ability of a virus to cause severe disease
|
|
|
Viruses
|
cannot manufacture ATP, cannot self-replicate, not organisms
|
|
|
What animal was most similar to an ancestral whale?
|
A wolf
|
|
|
What are organisms called that use light to promote electrongs to high-energy states?
|
phototrophs
|
|
|
What characteristics do biologists use to distinguish bacteria and archaea?
|
the types of molecules that make up their cell walls and membranes
|
|
|
What distinguishes a morphospecies?
|
It has distinctive characteristics such as size, shape, or coloration.
|
|
|
What do Bacteria have in common with Archaea but not with Eukarya?
|
absence of nucleus
|
|
|
What do Koch's postulates outline the requirements for?
|
showing that an organism causes are particular disease
|
|
|
What do pollen grains contain
|
male gametophyte
|
|
|
What do seeds contain
|
embryo and nutritive tissue
|
|
|
What do some photosynthetic bacteria use as a source of electrong instead of water?
|
hydrogen sulfide (h2s)
|
|
|
What does reverse transcriptase do?
|
It synthesizes DNA from RNA
|
|
|
What is a methanotropgh
|
an organism that uses methane (CH4) as an electron donor
|
|
|
What is distinctinve about the chlorophylls found in different photosynthetic bacteria?
|
their absorption spectra
|
|
|
What is not ture of the production of envelope proteins?
|
resulting polyproteins are cut into functional proteins by protease
|
|
|
What is only found in eukaryotes?
|
Nucleus
|
|
|
What is secondary symbiosis?
|
the theory that groups of protists acquired chloroplast-like organelles not by inheriting them from a parental cell but by engulfing photosynthetic protists
|
|
|
What is the hereditary material in viruses?
|
DNA or RNA
|
|
|
What is the most critical step in the nitrogen cycle?
|
fixation by bacteria and archaea
|
|
|
What is the most important aspect of the hyphae?
|
shape
|
|
|
What is the phenomenon known as alternation of generations?
|
when protists are multicellular in both haploid and diploid phases of the life cycle
|
|
|
What is the single feature that distinguishes a simple virus from plasmids
|
Viruses have a protein coat or membraine-like envelope (plasmids do not)
|
|
|
What other experiment do researchers need to perform to be absolutely sure that the bacterium is responsible for the disease?
|
Isolate the bacterium from a sick animal and demonstrate that it is the same bacterium as the one used for infection
|
|
|
What reaction does protease catalyze
|
cutting of long peptide chains into functional proteins
|
|
|
What type of selection tends to result in speciation?
|
Disruptive selection
|
|
|
What was discovered when the figure was developed using base sequences of SSU RNAs?
|
This showed that the major divisions among life-forms are between bacteria, archaea, and eukarya, and not between cells with a nucleus and those without
|
|
|
When biologists refer to protists, they mean all eukaryotes except which groups?
|
land plants, fungi, and animals
|
|
|
When do hybrid zones form?
|
when populations with different characteristics meet, interbreed, and produce intermediate offspring
|
|
|
When do virus particles acquire a membrane-like envelope, including a lipid bilayer?
|
during budding
|
|
|
When does speciation occur?
|
when populations become isolated by lack of gene flow, then diverge as a result of mutation, drift, and selection
|
|
|
When does vicariance occur?
|
when a large, continuous population is fragmented into isolated subpopulations
|
|
|
When the HIV virus infects people, it does not immediately induce AIDS and kill its host. When people die from AIDS it is because:
|
They have few T cells and cannot fight off secondary infections
|
|
|
When transported to streams above waterfalls, guppy populations evolved more spots because:
|
Predators were absent
|
|
|
Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods move to dry terrestrial environments?
|
the amniotic egg
|
|
|
Which experimental result convinced researchers that HIV required a co-receptor to enter cells?
|
mouse cells with CD4 in their membranes could not be infected with HIV
|
|
|
Which is the most likely reason that bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics?
|
as a defense against other microorganisms
|
|
|
Which is the most well-supported hypothesis for why Chytridiomycota are the only fungi with flagellated cells?
|
They live in aquatic habitats
|
|
|
Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the above phylogeny based on DNA sequence data?
|
segmentation
|
|
|
Which of the following are the two growth forms that fungi have?
|
yeasts and mycelia
|
|
|
Which of the following CANNOT be used as an energy source through fermentation?
|
Methane
|
|
|
Which of the following counteracts reproductive isolation?
|
Gene flow
|
|
|
Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in speciation?
|
genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence
|
|
|
Which of the following does NOT distinguish eukarya from bacteria and archaea
|
DNA associated with histones
|
|
|
Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation?
|
Gene flow
|
|
|
Which of the following is a correct element of alternation of generations?
|
The sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
|
|
|
Which of the following is a member of the alveolates?
|
apicomplexa
|
|
|
Which of the following is a unique way to obtain energy for the protists that is NOT used by archaea and bacteria?
|
photosynthesis
|
|
|
Which of the following is associated with the human disease malaria?
|
Plasmodium
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a theory for the first biological molecule?
|
DNA world
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a type of archaebacteria?
|
cyanobacteria
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a way viruses insert themselves into the cytoplasm inside a cell and begin infection
|
viruses can enter animal cells after a sucking insect has disrupted the cell wall with its mouthparts
|
|
|
Which of the following is not found in a virus?
|
Metabolic Proteins
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT inferred about the early eukaryotes?
|
They lacked membrane-bound organelles.
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT one of the several general themes that are key to understanding protists?
|
habitat
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that bacteria and archaea produce ATP?
|
reduce organic molecules to produce ATP
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT true about AMF?
|
AMF supple the plant with nitrogen
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT true about viruses?
|
Viruses are organisms
|
|
|
Which of the following is not true of EMF?
|
sugars released by the EMF are absorbed by the hyphae and transported close to the tree rots, where It can be absorbed by the plant
|
|
|
Which of the following is NOT used by viruses to copy their genomes?
|
cDNA
|
|
|
Which of the following is one of the two fundamental nutritional needs of all organisms?
|
acquiring chemical energy and obtaining carbon
|
|
|
Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution?
|
Change in allele frequencies in a population over time
|
|
|
Which of the following is true about food webs?
|
Carnivores eat herbivores and other carnivores
|
|
|
Which of the following is used as a source of electrons in both cyanobacteria and plants?
|
Water
|
|
|
Which of the following molecules cannot diffuse across the cell membranes of hyphae?
|
proteins
|
|
|
Which of the following movements are matched correctly with the appendage that facilitates that movement in protists?
|
swimming, flagella
|
|
|
Which of the following protists casues the human disease malaria?
|
Plasmodium
|
|
|
Which of the following results would support Simards hypothesis that fungi can move carbon from one plant to another? Sugars made by one plant during photosynthesis can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant.
|
Carbon-14 is found in the Douglas Fir seedling's tissues, and carbon-13 in the birch (they switched)
|
|
|
Which of the following shows the correct order of the emergence of the fungi groups according to hypotheses proposed by biologists?
|
Chytridiomycota emerged first, then zygo mycetes, and later basidiomycetes and ascomycetes
|
|
|
Which of the following situations is an example of temporal reproductive isolation?
|
Males and females of one species breed in early springtime, whereas males and females of a closely related species breed in early summer.
|
|
|
Which of the following situations would represent a problem in applying the biological species concept?
|
Two populations of asexual clonal organisms that are morphologically similar.
|
|
|
Which of the following statements applies to the lysogenic cycle?
|
the viral genome integrates into the host cell's genome
|
|
|
Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy?
|
Animals rarely self-fertilize, so diploid gametes are less likely to fuse.
|
|
|
Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy?
|
Animals rarely self-fertilize, so diploid gametes are much less likely to fuse
|
|
|
Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic?
|
z
|
|
|
Which of the following statements is TRUE about lateral gene transfer and the history of life on Earth?
|
It occurred often early in the history of life
|
|
|
Which of the following statements is true for an enveloped virus?
|
The nucleic acid is surrounded by a capsid, and the capsid is surrounded by a membrane
|
|
|
Which of the following was a result of convergent evolution?
|
fungi and water molds
|
|
|
Which of the following would best be described as a case of speciation in sympatry?
|
An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.
|
|
|
Which of the following would NOT be a good example of prezygotic reproductive isolation?
|
Two frog species that meet and can mate with each other, but the hybrid offspring are infertile
|
|
|
Which of these are spore-producing structures?
|
Sprophyte (capsule) of a moss
|
|
|
Which of these are structures in a gametophyte generation
|
spores, egg, sperm, pollen, archegonium
|
|
|
Which of these innovations allowed the growth of large land plants?
|
Vascular tissue
|
|
|
Which of these is a postzygotic isolation mechanism?
|
Mules are sterile
|
|
|
Which of these is an example of post-zygotic isolation?
|
Lower hatch rate of hybrid eggs
|
|
|
Which of these is associated with the haploid stage of plants?
|
Pollen
|
|
|
Which of these is NOT related to sympatric speciation?
|
Allopatry
|
|
|
Which of these is not true?
|
Fungi create carbon in the environment
|
|
|
Which of these is NOT unique to living things:
|
Carbon
|
|
|
Which of these is one of the two observations that support climatologists’—who study the composition of Earth’s atmosphere—hypothesis that no free molecular oxygen existed for the first 2.5 billion years after the planet formed?
|
There was no plausible source of oxygen at the time the planet cooled to solid state
|
|
|
Which of these processes does not result in the formation of a different generation in a plant’s sexual life cycle?
|
mitosis
|
|
|
Which of these stages is characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
|
Cell divides, transmitting the virus to daughter cells
|
|
|
Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?
|
z
|
|
|
Which part of the Basidiomycete and Ascomycete life cycles is most analogous to the human eggs and sperm in that it disperses new genetic information and is capable of fusing with cells from another individual?
|
hyphal cell where plasmogamy occurs (plasmogamy is when the nuclei are still separate)
|
|
|
Which set contains the most closely related terms?
|
Megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
|
|
|
Which type of selection is likely to function during sympatric speciation?
|
Disruptive selection
|
|
|
Whih is the leading hypothesis as to why HIV evolves resistance to drugs so rapidly?
|
HIV's mutation rate is particulary high
|
|
|
While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?
|
cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan
|
|
|
Why are terrestrial fungal mycelium nearly always found within their food sources (underground, within wood, inside the bodies of dead organisms)?
|
Their high surface area, which is so efficient for absorptive feeding, makes them prone to drying out.
|
|
|
Why did the direct sequencing technique have an enormous impact on the understanding of diversity?
|
It allowed biologists to investigate previously unstudied bacteria and archaea.
|
|
|
Why have soapberry bugs feeding on nonnative hosts evolved shorter beaks than those feeding on their native host plant?
|
The nonnative host species have smaller fruits; natural selection favors bugs with a shorter beak length on these hosts.
|
|
|
Why is it difficult to design a vaccine for viruses with high mutation rates, such as HIV and the cold and flue viruses?
|
new mutations constantly change viral proteins
|
|
|
Why is molecular hydrogen (H2), a common source of energy among bacteria and archaea?
|
It is highly reduced molecule
|
|
|
Why is the abundance of protists important?
|
The sugars they produce are the basis of food chains in both freshwater and marine environments
|
|
|
Why was the appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere a crucial event in the history of life?
|
Aerobic respirationw as not a possibility
|
|
|
Zygomycota
|
hypae yoke together and form zygote
|
|
|
Zygomycota
|
make zygote with tough outer coat
|
|
|
zygomycota example
|
ringworm
|
