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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dorsal
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toward the upper surface (back)
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Ventral
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toward the lower surface (belly)
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Anterior
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toward the head
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posterior
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toward the tail
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cranial
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toward the head
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caudal
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toward the tail
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medial
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toward the midlline of the body
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proximal
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toward the end of the appendage nearest the body
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lateral
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away from the midline of the body; toward the side
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distal
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toward the end of an appendage farthest away from the body
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frontal plane
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divides the body into the dorsal and ventral halves; plane parallel to anterior/ posterior; perpendicular to dosral/ventral
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transverse plane
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a cross section; plane perpendicular to anterior/posterior
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saggital
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divides th ebody into left and right halves; plane parallel to the anterior/posterior and parallel to dorsal/ventral
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how many bones in caudal vertebrae
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27
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how many in sacral
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5
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how many in lumbar
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6
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how many in thoracic
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13
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how many in cervical
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7
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extensors
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increase the angle of a joint
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flexors
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decrease the angle of a joint
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abductors
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move an appendage away from the midline of the body
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adductors
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move an appendage toward the midline of the body
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retractors
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move an appendage backward
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protractors
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move an appendage forward
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supinators
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rotate the palm or bottom of foot upward
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pronators
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rotate the palm or bottom of foot downward
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biceps brachii
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location: anterior surface of humoerus
origin: scapula insertion: radius Action: flexes the lower arm |
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triceps brachii
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location: sides and back of upper arm
origin: humerus and scapula insertion: elbow (olecranon) action: extends the lower arm |
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spinotrapezius
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location: lays across the dorsal thoracic region of the rat
origin: thoracic vertebrae insertion: spine of the scapula action: moves the scapula upward and backward |
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acromiotrapezius
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location: central muscle of trapezius group
origin: cervical vertebrae insertion: scapula action: moves the scapula dorsally |
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latissimus dorsi
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location: posterior to and partially covered by the spinotrapezius
origin: thoracic and lumbar vertebrae insertion: medial side of the humerus action: moves the humerus dorsocaudad |
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external oblique
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location: covers the sides of the abdominal cavity from the hip to the ribcage. Fibers are right angles to the fibers of latissimus dorsi
origin: lumbodorsal fascia and posterior ribs insertion: linea alba and pelvis action: compresses and retains the viscera and acts with the rectus abdominis to form a flexible ventral and lateral body wall |
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cutaneous trunci
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location: attaches to the skin on the lateral and dorsal sides of the body.
origin: under the upper front leg insertion: skin action: moves the skin |
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biceps femoris
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location: in two bundles; located on the side of the thigh
origin: ishium insertion: distal portion of femur and proximal portion of tibia action: abducts the thigh and flexes the shank |
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gastrocnemius
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location forms the bulk of the calf muscle in the lower leg
origin: distal end of femur insertion: heel (calcaneus) by means of the achilles tendon action: extends foot |
