Biology Terminology Wk. 10

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homeostasis

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Set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges.

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metabolism (cellular)

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All the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules

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sensory receptor

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Cell or cell component that detects a specific type of stimulus.

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negative feedback

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A change causes a response that reverses the change; important mechanism of homeostasis.

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conduction

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Of heat: the transfer of heat between two objects in contact with one another.

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convection

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Transfer of heat by moving molecules of air or water.

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evaporation

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Transition of a liquid to a gas.

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endothermic

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process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings in the form of heat.

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hypothalamus

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Forebrain region that controls processes related to homeostasis; control center for endocrine functions.

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pituitary gland

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Pea-sized endocrine gland in the forebrain that interacts closely with the adjacent hypothalamus.

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thermoreceptor

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Temperature-sensitive sensory receptor

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hyperthermia

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a dangerous rise in body temperature that occurs when increased peripheral blood flow and evaporative heat loss cannot offset heat gains.

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hypothermia

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occurs when normal mechanisms fail to keep core temperature from declining, and the resulting drop in core temperature disrupts normal function.

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shivering response

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In response to cold, rhythmic muscle contractions generate metabolic heat.

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brown adipose

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one of two types of fat found in mammals whose primary function is to generate body heat in animals or newborns that do not shiver.

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osmoreceptor

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Sensory receptor that detects shifts in the solute concentration of a body fluid.

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aldosterone

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Adrenal hormone that makes kidney tubules more permeable to sodium; encourages sodium reabsorption, thus increasing water reabsorption and concentrating the urine.

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pancreas

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Organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and hormones into the blood.

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beta cells

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a type of cell in the pancreas to store and release insulin.

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alpha cells

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endocrine cells that are responsible for synthesizing and secreting the peptide hormone glucagon, which elevates the glucose levels in the blood.

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insulin

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Pancreatic hormone that causes cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen.

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glucagon

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Pancreatic hormone that causes cells to break down glycogen and release glucose when blood sugar is low.

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hyperglycemia

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high blood sugar that disrupts normal metabolism

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type 1 diabetes

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develops after an autoimmune response. White blood cells mistakenly identify insulin- secreting beta cells as foreign and destroy them. Environmental factors add to a genetic predisposition to the disorder. Symptoms usually appear during childhood and adolescence.

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type 2 diabetes

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insulin levels are normal or even high. However, target cells do not respond to the hormone, and blood sugar levels remain elevated. Symptoms typically start to develop in middle age, when insulin production declines.