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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of internal environment in relatively stable state in face of changes in either external or internal environment
Some examples of Homeostasis?
Body producing sweat in hot weather to cool the body down
Homeostasis in animals?
Homeostasis and regulation in animals is carried out by two internal communications: nervous system and hormonal system
What are considered to be the two parts of the nervous system?
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
What makes up the Central Nervous System?
The brain and the spinal cord
What is the function of the Central Nervous System?
The control centre - receiving messages from all parts of the body
How does the Central Nervous System work?
It examines the information received and then sends out messages to different parts of the body, telling them what to do
What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?
Sensory Receptors and Nerves- Cranial Nerves, Ganglia outside the Central Nervous System and the Spinal Nerves
What is the function of these sensory receptors and nerves?
To continually inform the Central Nervous System of changing conditions and to transmit decisions made by the Central Nervous System back to the effector organs
Cranial Nerves?
Travel to and from the brain, eyes, face, etc.
Spinal Nerves?
Carry messages to and from the spinal cord
What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Sensory division and motor division
What are the two components of the sensory division?
Sensing external environment and sensing internal environment
What are the the two components of the motor division?
Autonomic nervous system (involuntary) and somatic nervous system (voluntary)
The two segments of the autonomic nervous system (involuntary)?
Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
What are neurons?
Specialized cells that transmit and receive messages in the form of electrical impulses
What are the three different types of neurons?
Sensory, motor, and inter-neurons
Draw a flow diagram that explains the steps between a stimulus and a response
(see book)
What are the two main types of coordination and control in animals?
Nervous and hormonal
What are the components of a neuron?
Dentrites: receive stimuli
Cell body: keeps cell functioning
Axon: long transmitter of impulses to nest neuron or effector
Myelon Sheath: insulates electric current
Synaptic Knob:
What is a synapse?
A place where neurons meet
How does nerve impulse cross the synaptic gap?
When the impulse gets to the synaptic knob, vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with the cell membrane, releasing into synapse, and then travels to receptors on the next neuron
Explain a reflex arc
An automatic response that involves sensory processing, and only a few neurons. It is a protection mechanism and takes a shorter path straight to the spine, not the brain
What are the three sections that make up vertebrates brains?
The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
What is the forebrain made of?
The cerebrum, which is split into two hemishperes.
What are the four lobes of each hemisphere of the forebrain?
Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital
What are some extra parts of the forebrain?
(Located under cerebrum) thalamus and hypothalamus
What is the function of the thalamus?
Sorts sensory information
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Controls hunger, body temperature, aggression, and metabolism. Also helps in endocrine (hormone) control.
What is the function of the midbrain?
A stations for message exchange between the forebrain and the hindbrain
What are the components of the hindbrain?
-Cerebellum
-Medulla Oblongata
-Pons
What is the cerebellum?
The motor area of the brain, coordinating impulses sent from the cerebrum
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Controls many responses of the organs, like breathing rate, heart rate, etc
What is the brain stem made up of?
Pons and Medulla Oblongata

(Maybe the midbrain too)
What is the function of the pons?
Links the brain to the spinal cord, and, along with the medulla, helps to control respiration
What is the corpus callosum?
A huge bundle of fibres found in mammalian brains
What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?
To connect the left and right hemispheres. Is responsible for most of the communication between the two hemispheres
What is the corpus callosum made of (matter)?
White matter. Is the largest white matter structure in the brain
What are the functions of the two sets of neurons in the sensory division of the Peripheral Nervous System?
One supplies the Central Nervous System about the body itself e.g. acidity of blood, and the other brings information about the outside environment (sense organs)
What are the two sets of neurons in the motor division of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Neurons of somatic nervous system which carry signals to skeletal muscles (in response to external stimuli) and are voluntary under conscious control
Neurons of the autonomic nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscle organs of the digestive, circulatory, excretory, and endocrince systems, and is involuntary
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their purpose?
Parasympathetic: primes body for digesting food and resting
Sympathetic: Prepares body for flight or fight
Some examples of the Parasympathetic Division?
Constricts pupils
Stimulates saliva production
Slows heart
Promotes erection of genitals
Some examples of the sympathetic division?
Dilates pupils
Inhibits saliva production
Accelerates heart
Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions
Define stimulus?
A change in the environment (internal and external) that is detected by a receptor and elicits a response
List examples of receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermorecpetors
Photoreceptors
What is the function of mechanoreceptors?
Enables body to detect touch, monitor position of our muscles, bones and joints, and detect motion of the body
What is the function of chemoreceptors?
Detect and respond to chemical stimuli
What is the function of thermoreceptors?
Detects temperature variations within benign and normal range
What is the function of photoreceptors?
Detects light, enables us to see
What is a response?
A reaction to a stimulus
What is an effector?
A muscle, gland or organ capable of responding to a stimulus
What is a receptor?
A nerve ending or other structure in the body specialized to sense or receive stimuli
What is a reflex?
An automatic response to a stimulus involving a small number of neurons to a central nervous system processing point. Often called a reflex arc.
What is a synapse?
A junction that permits a neuron to pass an electrical current or chemical signal to another cell
What are neurotransmitters?
Endogenous chemicals which permit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse
What is the function of the cornea?
(The most anterior transparent structure) Covers the iris
What is the function of the Ciliary body?
Secretes aqueous humor.
What is the function of the retina?
The inner most light sensitive structure membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball: where light is converted into neuron signals sent to the brain
What is the function of the iris?
Determines colour of the eye, regulates entry of light into the eye through contraction of circular and radical muscles