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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Evolution
What is Natural Selection |
Evolution is defined by the change in gene frequencies in a population over time.
Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution to occur. It requires that there be some heritable variation to affect fitness. Fitness is reproductive success. |
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Dates
Origin of Earth Origin of Life Origin of Eukaryotic cell by symbiosis Cambrian explosion Mass extincion of aquatic life (Paleozoic/Mesozoic) Mass extinction of dinosaurs Extinction of most megamamammals |
4.6 bya Earth
3.9 Life 542 mya Cambrian 251 Extinct aquatic 65 mya Extinct dinos 13,000 extinct megamammals, mammoths. |
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What did these people do?
Darwin Linnaeus Hutton/Lyell Cuvier Malthus Wallace Miller/Urey Lamarck |
Darwin advocated Natural Selection
Linnaeus set up taxonomy - classification for species Hutton/lyell advocated gradualism Cuvier advocated catastophism Malthus- population is limited to resources Wallace- guy who also came up with natural selection Miller/Urey - Showed w/ experiment that in reducing environment - organic can be made from inorganic molecules. Lamarck - Giraffe - Environment shapes species and they change. |
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Hardy Weinberg Theory
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p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p + q = 1 |
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What does it require in order to have constant allele frequencies
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Large Population - genetic drift could occur if population is small
Random Mating No Natural Selection No Gene Flow |
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What does it mean when you have Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
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It means that the population is not evolving.
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Types of Selection-which one doesn't cause genetic variation?
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Directional-moves towards one end
Disruptive (Doesn't cause variation)- moves to both extreme Stabilizing-avoids both extremes |
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What are the two patterns of evolutionary change?
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Anagenesis - no splitting of the lineage
Cladogenesis - Lineage splitting |
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What defines a species?
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A species is a population that can interbreed and reproduce fertile offspring. They are unable to produce with members of other populations
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Name some prezygotic and Postzygotic Barriers
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Behavior isolation
Habitat isolation temporal isolation reinforcement reduced hybrid fertility |
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what is reinforcement and why is it commonly seen in sympatric speciation?
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reinforcement is selection against hybrid reproduction due to sterile offspring. it is seen in sympatric because they have evolved to recognize when this will occur?
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Allopatric
Sympatric Parapatric |
Species due to geographical separation
Species due to reproductive barriers (Same country) Species formed when a population diverges due to a strong ecological gradient. |
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Homology vs anology
give example |
Homology is when features are similar due to ancestry like a bat's wing and a humans' arm
Anology is when species are similar due to convergent evolution which is when two completely different organism solve the same ecological problem with the same adaptation - bat wing and bird wing. |
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Cladogram
Phylogram Ultrametric Trees |
Look on sheet
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Draw
Monophyletic Paraphyletic Polyphyletic Outgroup |
Look on sheet and review slides
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Characteristics of Eukaryotes
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Loss of prokaryotic cell wall
Cytoskeleton Membrane bound nucleus and organelles Multiple Linear Chromosomes |
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Characterists of Prokaryotes
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Jelly like polysaccharide sace
No Nucleus Rigid cell wall Circular chromosomes |
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Symbiosis
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Mitochondria and plastids were at first small prokaryotes living off host cell, evidence in seperate DNA and double membrane.
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Secondary Endosymbiosis
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This cell is eaten by another
Remember that Charophycean is the direct ancestor of produces plants so it's primary endosymbiosis |
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Giardia
Euglena Plasmodium |
Giardia has two nuclei and multiple flagella
Euglena has flagella coming out of pocketlike pouch. Also has eyespot where it's photoreceptors function as a light shield and can enhance photosynthesis Plasmodium - It's what mosquitoes carry to induce malaria in ya! |
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Paramecium
Laminaria Amoeba |
Paramecium has conjugation and reproduction stages. Conjugation has haploid micronuclei exchange w/ each other and reproduction has micronuclei fuse to make a macronuclei.
Laminaria - Brown Algae, Seaweed Kelp is in diploid stage. Has alternating multicellular haploid and diploid stages. Amoeba- has lobe shaped puedopodria and eats other protista |
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Dictyostelium
Ulva |
Stalk fruit
Unicellular organism that makes community to reproduce is. Some cells make up the stalk and some make up the fruiting body which asexually reproduces. Ulva is green algae with isomorphic halploid and diploid states. |
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Challenges of Terrestial Environment
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Dessication
Transportation Reproduction Support |
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Non Vascular Plants are called and are like...
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Bryophytes -Moss
Small and thin leaved Are mainly in the haploid stage(Gameophyte) Diploid grows out of haploid Requires a film of h20 for reproduction - sperm motility |
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Vascular seedless plants
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Lycophyte and Petrophytes
Xylem - Transports h20 w/o energy Phyloem - Transports amino acids and surges w/ energy Roots - Absorts H20 and provides anchor Leaves- surface area to increase photosynthesis Diploid sporophyte dominates cycle |
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Seed plants
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Gymnosperms and angiosperms
Gametophyte produces from sporophyte pollen - male Ovule - Female Reproduction can occur w/o h20 Fruit we eat is the ovule Seed advantage in fact we have hard shell for protection and own food supply |
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In a seed....
Double fertilization |
The act by which - in angiosperms
1 egg and 1 sperm fuse to make diploid zygote 1 sperm and 2 female nuclei fuse together to make food for the zygote. Together in the ovule this makes a seed |
