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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chemical symbol
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The abbreviation for an element; usually the first letter (or first and second letters) of the English or Latin name.
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electron
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A particle with one unit of negative charge and negligible mass, located outside the atomic nucleus.
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proton
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A particle present in the nuclei of all atoms that has one unit of positive charge and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit.
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neutron
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An electrically neutral particle with a mass of 1 atomic mass unit found in the atomic nucleus.
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atomic nucleus
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Protons and neutrons clustered together.
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atomic number
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The number of protons in the atomic nucleus of an atom, which uniquely identifies the element to which the atom corresponds.
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periodic table
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A chart of the elements arranged in order by atomic number.
The periodic table is useful because it lets us simultaneously correlate many of the relationships among the various elements. |
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electron configurations
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The arrangement of electrons around the atom.
In a Bohr model, the electron configuration is depicted as a series of concentric circles. |
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atomic mass
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The total number of protons in the atomic nucleus of an atom, which uniquely identifies the element to which the atom corresponds.
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atomic mass unit (amu) OR dalton
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The mass of a subatomic particle, too small to be conveniently expressed in grams or even micrograms.
Named in honor of John Dalton, the English chemist who formulated an atomic theory in the early 1800's. |
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isotopes
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An alternative form of an element with a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons.
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radioisotopes
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Unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiation.
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electron orbital
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The space outside the nucleus where electrons move rapidly.
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electron shell
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Group of orbitals of electrons with similar energies.
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chemical reaction
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A process in which one or more substances (reactants) are chemically changed into one or more new substances (products). Chemical changes may involve motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds.
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chemical compound
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Two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
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molecule
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The smallest particle of a covalently bonded element or compound; two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds.
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chemical formula
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A representation of the composition of a compound; the elements are indicated by chemical symbols with subscripts to indicate their ratios.
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simplest formula
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A type of chemical formula that gives the smallest whole-number ratio of the component atoms.
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molecular formula
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The type of chemical formula that gives the actual numbers of each type of atom in a molecule.
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structural formula
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A type of chemical formula that shows the spatial arrangement of the atoms in a molecule.
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molecular mass
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The sum of the atomic masses of the atoms that make up a single molecule of a compound; expressed in atomic mass units (amu) or daltons.
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mole
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The atomic mass of an element or the molecular mass of a compound, expressed in grams; one mole of any substance has 6.02x10 ( to the 23rd) units.
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Avogadro's number
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The number of units (6.02x 10 (to the 23rd) present in one mole of any substance.
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reactant
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Substance that participates in a chemical reaction.
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product
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Substance formed by a chemical reaction.
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dynamic equilibrium
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The condition of a chemical reaction when the rate of change in one direction is exactly the same as the rate of change in the opposite direction, i.e., the concentrations of the reactants and products are not changing, and the difference in free energy between reactants and products is zero.
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chemical bond
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A force of attraction between atoms in a compound.
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bond energy
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The energy required to break a particular chemical bond.
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convalent bond
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A chemical link between two atoms in which electrons are shared between them.
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product
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Substance formed by a chemical reaction.
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dynamic equilibrium
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The condition of a chemical reaction when the rate of change in one direction is exactly the same as the rate of change in the opposite direction, i.e., the concentrations of the reactants and products are not changing, and the difference in free energy between reactants and products is zero.
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chemical bond
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A force of attraction between atoms in a compound.
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bond energy
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The energy required to break a particular chemical bond.
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covalent bond
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The chemical bond involving shared pairs of electrons; may be single, double, or triple (with one, two, or three shared pairs of electrons, respectively).
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covalent compound
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A compound in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds; covalent compounds consist of molecules.
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single covalent bond
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When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.
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double covalent bond
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When two atoms share two pairs of electrons, forming molecular oxygen.
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triple covalent bond
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When three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms (represented by three parallel solid lines).
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nonpolar molecule
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Molecule that does not have a positively charged end and a negatively charged end; nonpolar molecules are generally insoluble in water.
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nonpolar covalent bond
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Chemical bond formed by the equal sharing of electrons between atoms of approximately equal electronegativity.
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polar covalent bond
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Chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms that differ in electronegativity; the end of the bond near the more electronegative atom has a partial negative charge, and the other end has a partial positive charge.
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polar molecule
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Molecule that has one end with a partial positive charge and the other with a partial negative charge; polar molecules are generally soluble in water.
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ion
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An atom or group of atoms bearing one or more units of electric charge, either positive (cation) or negative (anion).
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ionic bond
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The chemical attraction between a cation (positive) and an anion (negative).
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ionic compound
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A substance consisting of cations and anion, which are attracted by their opposite charges; ionic compounds do not consist of molecules.
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solute
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A dissolved substance.
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hydration
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Process of association of a substance with the partial positive and/or negative charges of water molecules.
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solvent
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Substance capable of dissolving other substances.
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solution
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1. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these.
2. The process of forming such a mixture. 3. The state of being dissolved. |
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hydrogen bond
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A weak attractive force existing between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom (usually oxygen or nitrogen) with a partial negative charge.
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redox reaction
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The chemical reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred from one substance (the substance that becomes oxidized) to another (the substance that becomes reduced).
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oxidation
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The loss of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule.
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reduction
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The gain of one or more electrons (or hydrogen atoms) by an atom, ion, or molecule.
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hydrophilic
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Interacting readily with water; having a greater affinity for water molecules than they have for each other.
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hydrophobic
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Not readily interacting with water; having less affinity for water molecules than they have for each other.
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cohesion
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The property of sticking together.
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adhesion
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The property of sticking to some other substance.
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capillary action
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The ability of water to move in small-diameter tubes as a consequence of its cohesive and adhesive properties.
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surface tension
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The attraction that the molecules at the surface of a liquid may have for one another.
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kinetic energy
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Energy of motion.
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heat
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The total amount of kinetic energy in a sample of a substance.
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heat of vaporization
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The amount of heat energy that must be supplied to change one gram of a substance from the liquid phase to the vapor phase.
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specific heat
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The amount of heat energy that must be supplied to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1 degree C.
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calorie
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The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 degree C; equivalent to 4.184 joules.
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acid
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A substance that is a hydrogen ion (proton) donor; acids unite with bases to form salts.
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base
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1. A substance that is a hydrogen ion (proton) acceptor; bases unite with acids to form salts.
2. A nitrogenous base in a nucleotide or nucleic acid. |
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salt
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An ionic compound consisting of an anion other than a hydroxide ion and a cation other than a hydrogen ion. A salt is formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.
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pH
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The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (expressed as moles per liter). Neutral pH is 7, values less than 7 are acidic, and those greater than 7 are basic.
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neutral solution
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A solution of pH 7; there are equal concentrations of hydrogen ions [H+] and hydroxide ions [OH~].
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acidic solution
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A solution in which the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] exceeds the concentration of hydroxide ions [OH~].
An acidic solution has a pH less than 7. |
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basic solution
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A solution in which the concentration of hydroxide ion [OH~] exceeds the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]. A basic solution has pH greater than 7.
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buffer
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A substance in a solution that tends to lessen the change in hydrogen ion concentration (pH) that otherwise would be produced by adding an acid or base.
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