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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asexual reproduction
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Reproduction accomplished by a single organism
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Sexual reproduction
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Reproduction that requires two organisms
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Gram-negative
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bacteria that look red after the Gram stain
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Gram-positive
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bacteria that look blue after the Gram stain
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Parasite
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An organism that feeds on a living host
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Ribosomes
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Non-membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis
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Cilia
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Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
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Strains
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Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits
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Septate hyphae
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Hyphae that are composed of individual cells separated from one another by cell walls
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Rhizoid hyphae
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A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows
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Chitin
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A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility
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Fermentation
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The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules
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Absorption
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The transport of dissolved substances into cells
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Digestion
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The breakdown of absorbed substances
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Respiration
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The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy
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Excretion
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The removal of soluble waste materials
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Egestion
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The removal of nonsoluble waste materials
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Secretion
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The release of biosynthesized substances
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that perform several tasks within a cell
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Passive transport
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Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis of diffusion
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Active transport
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Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy
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Hypertonic solution
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A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution
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Hypotonic solution
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A solution in which the concentration of solutes in less that that of the cell that resides in the solution
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Diploid cell
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A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs
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Haploid cell
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A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair
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Homozygous genotype
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A genotype in which both alleles are identical
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Heterozygous genotype
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A genotype with two different alleles
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Genotype
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Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possesses for a certain trait
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Phenotype
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The observable expression of an organism's genes
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Physical change
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A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance
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Chemical change
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A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a sucstance
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Diffusion
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The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Osmosis
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The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of high solute concentration
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Metabolism
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The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
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Extracellular digestion
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Digestion that takes place outside of the cell
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Hypothesis
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An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question
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Abiogenesis
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The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions
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Saprophyte
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An organism that feeds on dead matter
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Aerobic organism
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An organism that requires oxygen
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Mutualism
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A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
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Phylum Chrysophyta
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The greatest producers of oxygen, diatoms.
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Autotrophs
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Organisms that are able to make their own food
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Matter
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Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Peptide bond
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A bond that links amino acids together in a protein
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Element
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A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons
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Isomers
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Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
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Chromosome
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DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell
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Allele
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One of a pair of genes that occupies the same position on homologous chromosomes
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Sexual reproduction
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Reproduction that requires two organisms
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Autosomes
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Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual
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Mutation
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A radical chemical change in one or more alleles
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Gene
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A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein or a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait
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The criteria for life 1&2
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1. All life forms contain DNA. 2. All life forms have a method by which they extract energy from the surroundings and convert it into energy that sustains them.
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The criteria for life 3&4
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3. All life forms can sense changes in their surroundings and respond to those changes. 4. All life forms reproduce.
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The correct order for classifying groups
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Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Group Species (King Philip Cried Out, "For Goodness Sake!")
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Bacteria growth needs _____
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food
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Types of cytoplasm
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thin and thick
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African sleeping sickness
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A tsetse fly bites a person and passes on mastigophorites to them. or if a person eats meat that has been bit by a fly. it travels into the bloodstream and causes this.
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Myxomycota
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Phylum with slime molds
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Leucoplasts
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Organelles that store starches or oils
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Ribosomes
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Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis
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Golgi bodies
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The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell
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Chromoplasts
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Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis
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Animal cell mitosis
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Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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the process of meiosis 1 in animal cells
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Late interphase/early prophase, late prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, End of meiosis 1
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the process of meiosis 2 in animal cells
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Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, End of meiosis II
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Scientific law
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A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data
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Mycelium
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The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested cells
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Pathogen
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An organism that causes disease
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Vacuole
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A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell
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Cyanobacteria
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aka blue-green algae
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Sarcodina
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Phylum in Kingdom Protista. organism in this phylum have no standard body shape.
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Zygote
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The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring
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Microorganisms
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Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye
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prokaryotic cell
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A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles
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Antibiotic
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A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms
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Hydrolysis
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Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
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Organic molecule
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A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorus
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How to find the number of electrons in a molecule
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Same as the number of protons
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Monosaccharides
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Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms
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Saturated fat
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A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms
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Unsaturated fat
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A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms
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