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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the ultimate source of energy for all livings things?
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Sunlight
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What is photosynthesis?
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process plants use to capture light energy and make complex molecules
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What are heterotrophs?
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organism that consumes others for energy
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Why is chlorophyll green?
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it reflects green light (photons)
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What causes the electrons of chlorophyll to be raised to a higher level? What do they enter when that occurs?
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a. chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light
b. electron transport chain |
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Where does oxygen gas come from during photosynthesis? How has that affected that atmosphere?
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a, water
b. it's rich in oxygen gas |
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Why is carbon fixation in plants important?
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all organic molecules can be traced back to CO2 in the atmosphere
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What happens to the excited electrons from Photosystem 1?
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captured by NADPH
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What are the products of the light reactions used in the dark reactions?
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ATP and NADPH
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What is the Calvin cycle? When does it occur?
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a. a series of reactions that create carbohydrates
b. in both light and dark conditions |
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Where does the energy to from ATP come from?
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proton pumps in the thylakoid membrane
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How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?
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causes it to first increase, then decrease
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What is ATP?
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molecules essential for life
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What is cellular respiration?
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the release of energy from the breakdown of food
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What is a connection between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
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oxygen
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What is acetyl CoA?
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formed from pyruvate, enters Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide
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What happens to glucose in glycolosis? The products of glycolosis?
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a. glucose splits
b. 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH |
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What is fermentation?
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organic compounds broken down in absence of oxygen
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Difference between glycolosis and aerobic respiration?
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glycolosis = no oxygen (cytoplasm)
aerobic respiration = oxygen (mitochondrion) |
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What is formed in muscles when oxygen isn't present?
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lactic acid
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Location of Krebs cycle and ETC?
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mitochondrion
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What are the parts of cellular respiration?
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glycolosis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
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What is the end product of the ETC?
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water
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Name of equation, Molecule A?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + ADP + P <--- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + MOLECULE A |
a. aerobic respiration
b. ATP |
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What is ecology?
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study of the interaction of living organisms with each other and their physical environment
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What is a habitat?
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physical location of an ecosystem in which a given species lives
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What is a population?
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a group of single species in an area at a specific time
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What is a species?
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the lowest classification level in biological taxonomy
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Give an example of a relationship between a producer and a consumer?
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a zebra eating grass
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What is competition?
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what occurs when organisms require the same food and space
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Identify the period where birth rate and death rate are equal and where there's negative growth in the graph.
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a. C
b. D |
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Identify the amount of energy available to level C.
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10% of the level below it
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What is commensalism?
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one organism benefits, the other neither benefits nor is harmed
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What is the process represented by the diagram below?
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succession
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Identify the producer, the level of the leopard seals, and identify the name of the diagram.
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a. algae
b. secondary and tertiary c. food web |
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In the nitrogen cycle, what uses do plants use nitrates to form?
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amino acids
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What is a biome?
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major ecosystems that occur over wide areas
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What are examples of fossils?
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traces of dead organisms, footprints, insects trapped in tree sap, shells, and old bones
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On what island did Darwin conduct much of his research?
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Galapagos
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Darwin studies finches. What was his conclusion about them even though they had different shaped beaks?
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descended and evolved from a common ancestor
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According to Darwin, why does evolution occur?
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species change over time due to natural selection
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What is an important part of the ecological systems that causes natural selection to occur?
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natural resources are limited and competition occurs for those resources
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True or False - Organisms that share similar amino acid structures have a common ancestor.
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True
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What is the accumulation of differences between species?
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divergent evolution
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What is coevolution?
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two or more species change in response to anouther
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Plants and their pollinators have ____________ over the years.
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coevolved
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Why do peacocks have brightly colored tail feathers?
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to attract potential mates
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How do scientists use DNA sequences to determine evolutionary relationships?
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more similar organisms share a more recent common ancestor
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How do scientists use that fact that organisms have varying similarities in amino acid sequences in their proteins?
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more similar organisms share a more recent common ancestor
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What is gene flow?
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movement of alleles into or out of a population
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What is speciation?
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formation of a new species
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What affects allele frequencies in a population?
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genetic drift, bottleneck, founder effect
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What is crossing over?
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homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments of DNA
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When does crossing over occur?
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Prophase I
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What divides unequally in the formation of polar bodies in oogenesis?
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cytoplasm
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What provides new genetic combinations?
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random fertilization, crossing over, and independent assortment
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What is a diploid cell?
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two homologous of each chromosome, 2n, chromosomes found in pairs
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If a diploid cell has 26 chromosomes, how many are in a haploid cell?
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13
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When does synapsis of homologous chromosomes into tetrads occur?
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Prophase I
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What is a mutation?
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change in a gene due to damage or being copied incorrectly
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What causes a frameshift mutation?
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insertion or deletion - NEVER substitution
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What is a mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides?
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point mutation
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What affect can a mutation have?
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neutral, harmful, or helpful
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How man chromosomes does a person with Down Syndrome have?
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47
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What is a trisomy?
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having an extra chromosome
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What is it called when a gamete has too many or too few homologues of a chromosome?
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nondisjunction
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What occurs when a gene has methyl groups attached?
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genes are turned off
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What occurs when a gene has acetyl groups attached?
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genes are turned on
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What are histones used for?
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fold and package DNA
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What is a situations in which gametes have one of each pair of homologues and are represented by n?
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haploid
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How are homologous chromosomes similar?
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size, shape, genetic content
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What are chromatids?
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identical strands of DNA
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How do spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ?
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Spermatogenesis ends with 4 haploid sperm, oogenesis ends with 1 haploid ovum.
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If and organism has 44 chromosomes in its diploid cells, how many possible variants can occur in their sperm or egg cells based on independent assortment.
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4,194,304
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