Biology Semester 1

Front 1

4 Bases of DNA

Back 1

adenine thymine cytosine guanine

Front 2

Abiotic Factors

Back 2

"The nonliving parts of the environment. ( air, water, weather, temperature, soil, light, etc.)"

Front 3

active transport

Back 3

The process that requires an input of energy to help material move from an area of lower concentration to an area of greater concentration

Front 4

adaptation

Back 4

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

Front 5

allele.

Back 5

different forms of a gene

Front 6

an organ system

Back 6

"The fourth, and highest, level of organization in a multicellular organism"

Front 7

anaphase

Back 7

3rd stage of mitosis; staged marked by the seperation of sister chromatids

Front 8

Autotroph

Back 8

Use energy from the environment to create simple carbohydrates

Front 9

Biosphere

Back 9

The portion of the earth that supports life. ( from deep in the ocean to high into the atmosphere)

Front 10

Biotic Factors

Back 10

"All of the living parts of the environment ( plants, animals, fungus, bacteria, protists)"

Front 11

carbohydrates

Back 11

"Main source of energy, stored in the liver, glycogen"

Front 12

carbohydrates (plasma membrane)

Back 12

"Attached to Proteins, act as Identification for cell type"

Front 13

carbon compounds

Back 13

"Carbon can bond with many elements and create compounds essential for life, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids"

Front 14

Carnivore

Back 14

"Heterotrophs, that only eat animals"

Front 15

carrier proteins (plasma membrane)

Back 15

Allows larger molecules (glucose) to pass through membrane

Front 16

cell

Back 16

the basic unit of life

Front 17

cell cycle

Back 17

sequence of growth and division of a cell

Front 18

cell membrane

Back 18

"thin, double-layered sheet around the cell"

Front 19

cell wall

Back 19

strong layer around the cell membrane that protects the cell

Front 20

centroioles

Back 20

"small, dark cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and are found just outside the nucleus"

Front 21

centromere

Back 21

holds the sister chromatids together; plays role in chromosome movement during mitosis

Front 22

Chemosynthesis

Back 22

The process of using chemical energy to create carbohydrates

Front 23

chloropasts

Back 23

organelles that can use energy from sunlight to create energy-rich food molecules

Front 24

cholesterol (plasma membrane)

Back 24

Embedded in Lipid to stabilize membrane

Front 25

chromatid

Back 25

one half of the double structure of the chromosomes

Front 26

chromatin

Back 26

granular material visible within the nucleus

Front 27

chromosome

Back 27

"The distinct, threadlike structures that contain the genetic information of the cell, made of 2 sister chromatids; carries the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next"

Front 28

Chromosomes in Human Diploid

Back 28

46

Front 29

Chromosomes in Human Haploid

Back 29

23

Front 30

commensalism

Back 30

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed ( p. 93 )

Front 31

common descent

Back 31

all species are derived from common ancestors

Front 32

Community

Back 32

A collection of populations.

Front 33

competitive exclusion principle

Back 33

ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time ( p. 92 )

Front 34

concentration gradient

Back 34

the amount of Molecules in a solution

Front 35

Consumer

Back 35

The name given to Heterotrophs because they consume (take in food)

Front 36

cytokinesis

Back 36

the process by which cytoplasm divides in the cell; occurs after telophase

Front 37

cytoplasm

Back 37

portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Front 38

Decomposer

Back 38

"Heterotrophs, such as fungi that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms, they allow it to be cycled back into the energy flow"

Front 39

Detritivore

Back 39

"Heterotrophs, they feed on plant and animal remains"

Front 40

diffusion

Back 40

the process by which molecules of a substance move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 41

Diploid Cell

Back 41

2 sets of homologous chromosomes

Front 42

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Back 42

"Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information, DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose"

Front 43

DNA is?

Back 43

Instructions for making proteins

Front 44

dominant

Back 44

When the dominant allele is present that it what the organism will express

Front 45

dynamitic equilibrium

Back 45

Movement of molecules continues across the membrane even after equilibrium is reached

Front 46

ecological succession

Back 46

gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance ( p. 94 )

Front 47

Ecology

Back 47

The study of how living things (organisms) interact with their environments.

Front 48

Ecosystem

Back 48

The interactions among populations in a community and its physical surroundings.

Front 49

End result of Meiosis

Back 49

4 Gametes

Front 50

Endocytosis

Back 50

The process of taking material into the cell by enfolding or creating a pocket in the cell membrane around the material and bringing it into the cell

Front 51

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 51

"The site where proteins, cell membrame lipids, and other matierals are assembled. Two types: 1) Rough ribosomes on surface 2) Smooth no ribosomes"

Front 52

eukaryote

Back 52

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

Front 53

Evolution

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change over time

Front 54

Exocytosis

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The process of moving material out of the cell by the vacuole joining membranes with the cell membrane and then releasing the material outside the cell

Front 55

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 55

"When diffusion occurs through a carrier protein, a protein channel allows molecules to cross the cell membrane"

Front 56

Fertilization

Back 56

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Front 57

fitness

Back 57

ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

Front 58

Fluid mosaic model

Back 58

"The plasma membrane is call this because the lipids are fluid, proteins can move about and it is made of many different molecules "

Front 59

Food Chain

Back 59

"A simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy flow through an ecosystem, (nutrients move from autotrophs to heterotrophs to decomposers)"

Front 60

Food Web

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All of the possible feeding relationships in a community.

Front 61

Fossil

Back 61

preserved remains of an ancient organism

Front 62

Gametes

Back 62

Haploid cells

Front 63

gene

Back 63

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait (chem factors that determine traits)

Front 64

genetics

Back 64

is the branch of biology that studies heredity.

Front 65

genotype

Back 65

the scientific study of heredity

Front 66

Golgi Apparatus

Back 66

"sorts, modify, and package proteins that come from the Endoplasmic Reticulum for storage in the cell or release from the cell"

Front 67

habitat

Back 67

"the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it ( p. 90 )"

Front 68

Haploid Cell

Back 68

1 Set of chromosomes

Front 69

Herbivore

Back 69

"Heterotrophs, they only eat plants"

Front 70

heredity

Back 70

is the passing on of TRAITS (inherited characteristics) from parents to offspring

Front 71

Heterotroph

Back 71

Organisms that consume other organisms for their energy

Front 72

heterozygous

Back 72

organism with two different alleles for a particular trait

Front 73

homeostasis

Back 73

The process by which cells/organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Front 74

homologous chromosomes

Back 74

one set from male and corresponding set from female

Front 75

homologous structures

Back 75

"structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms"

Front 76

homozygous

Back 76

organism with two identical alleles for a particular trait

Front 77

hypertonic solutions

Back 77

The concentration gradient (amount of molecules) outside the cell is higher than inside the cell

Front 78

hypotonic solutions

Back 78

The concentration gradient (amount of molecules) outside the cell is lower than inside the cell

Front 79

interphase

Back 79

"period of growth that the majority of a cell's life is spent in; during this stage, the cell grows in size and carries on metabolism"

Front 80

isotonic solutions

Back 80

The concentration gradient (amount of molecules) outside the cell is the same as inside the cell

Front 81

Lipid bilayer (plasma membrane)

Back 81

Two Layers of Phospholipids

Front 82

lipids

Back 82

"Energy production, cell building, oxygen transport found in cell membrane"

Front 83

metaphase

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2nd stage of mitosis; double chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by centromeres

Front 84

microtubules.

Back 84

The hollow tubes of protein that help maintain the shape of the cell

Front 85

Mitochondria

Back 85

organelles that convert the stored food in the cell to compounds the cell can use

Front 86

mitosis

Back 86

period of nuclear division following interphase where two daughter cells are formed that each contain a complete set of chromosomes

Front 87

monohybrid cross

Back 87

is a genetic cross using a single trait with two alleles.

Front 88

mutualism

Back 88

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship ( p. 93 )

Front 89

natural selection

Back 89

survival of the fittest

Front 90

natural variation

Back 90

differences among individuals within a species

Front 91

niche

Back 91

full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions ( p. 91 )

Front 92

Nuclear Membrane(Envelope)

Back 92

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

Front 93

nucleic acids

Back 93

"Genetic information, DNA RNA"

Front 94

nucleolus.

Back 94

The small dense region in the nucleus where the assembly of ribosomes begins

Front 95

nucleus

Back 95

large structure that contains the cell's genetic information

Front 96

Omnivore

Back 96

"Heterotrophs, they eat both plants and animals"

Front 97

organelle

Back 97

specialized structures within a cell that perform important cell functions

Front 98

Organism

Back 98

A living thing

Front 99

osmosis

Back 99

The process in which water diffuses through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 100

parasitism

Back 100

symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it ( p. 93 )

Front 101

Passive Diffusion

Back 101

No Energy is used to move molecules

Front 102

phagocytosis

Back 102

process by which extensions of cytoplasm engulf large particles

Front 103

phenotype

Back 103

The physical characteristics shown for a trait

Front 104

phospholipids (plasma membrane)

Back 104

Phosphate hydrophilic head and a fatty acid hydrophobic tail

Front 105

Photosynthesis

Back 105

"The process of using light energy, water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates"

Front 106

pioneer species

Back 106

first species to populate an area during primary succession ( p. 94 )

Front 107

plasma membrane

Back 107

"Lipid Bilayer, selectively permeable, it will allow some things to pass through, while blocking other things, provides protection and support"

Front 108

Populations

Back 108

A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place

Front 109

predation

Back 109

interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism ( p. 93 )

Front 110

primary succession

Back 110

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists ( p. 94 )

Front 111

Producer

Back 111

The name given to Autotrophs because they make their own food

Front 112

prokaryote

Back 112

organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus

Front 113

prophase

Back 113

1st and longest stage of mitosis; stage where chromatin forms visible chromosomes

Front 114

proteins

Back 114

"Builds new cells, maintains tissues, regulates cell function, found in muscle and enzymes, "

Front 115

recessive

Back 115

This allele will only be expressed when the dominant is not present

Front 116

recognition proteins (plasma membrane)

Back 116

Act as markers that help identify a cell

Front 117

resource

Back 117

"any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space ( p. 92 )"

Front 118

Ribosomes

Back 118

Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes

Front 119

Scavengers

Back 119

Get energy from eating dead things

Front 120

secondary succession

Back 120

succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil ( p. 95 )

Front 121

Selective permeability

Back 121

When a biological membranes allows some substances to pass across them but others cannot

Front 122

Sister chromatids

Back 122

Set of chromatids connected by a centromere

Front 123

Spell DNA

Back 123

deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 124

spindle

Back 124

structures consisting of thin fibers made up of microtubules

Front 125

struggle for existence

Back 125

"competition for food, space, and other resources among members of a species"

Front 126

symbiosis

Back 126

"Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis (sim-by-OHsis), which means ""living together."""

Front 127

telophase

Back 127

4th stage of mitosis; begins as chromatids reach opposite poles of cell

Front 128

tetrads

Back 128

Prophase 1 each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous to form this structure

Front 129

The Rule of Dominance

Back 129

the dominant trait are observed and hide the weaker recessive traits.

Front 130

Trophic Level

Back 130

"each step in a food chain or food web, producers make up the first trophic level, consumers make up the second, third or higher trophic levels"

Front 131

Vacuoles

Back 131

"Sac like structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates"

Front 132

vestigial organ

Back 132

organ with little or no function

Front 133

What is a Nucleotide?

Back 133

(3 parts) / sugar / Phosphate Group / nitrogen base

Front 134

Zygous

Back 134

Fertilized Egg