Biology Sem. 1 Flashcards

Front 1

Isotope

Back 1

atoms with the same number of protomns but differing numbers of neutrons

Front 2

denaturation

Back 2

change in shape or biological activity of protein

Front 3

sterol

Back 3

lipids with no fatty acids

Front 4

cytoplasm

Back 4

the material within the cell, minus the nucleus and organelles

Front 5

active site

Back 5

the region of an enzyme surface to which a specific set of substrate binds

Front 6

endocytosis

Back 6

indentation of membrane pinches off to bring materials into cell

Front 7

feedback inhibition

Back 7

product of metabolic pathway; shuts down production after certain level is reached

Front 8

reduction

Back 8

gain of electrons

Front 9

phosporylation

Back 9

transferring phosphate group to create ATP

Front 10

photolysis

Back 10

splitting of water molecule into hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons

Front 11

wavelength

Back 11

horizontal distance between two crests of successive waves

Front 12

enzyme

Back 12

a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy

Front 13

chloroplast

Back 13

organelle where photosynthesis takes place

Front 14

hypertonic

Back 14

fluid has greater solute concentration relative to another fluid (water goes out, gets smaller)

Front 15

concentration gradient

Back 15

moves from high concentration to low concentration

Front 16

entropy

Back 16

disorder

Front 17

osmosis

Back 17

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 18

passive transport

Back 18

flow of solutes through membrane down concentration gradient (no energy used)

Front 19

autotroph

Back 19

self-feeding

Front 20

photon

Back 20

"packets" of light energy

Front 21

stroma

Back 21

fluid within the chloroplast; contains tiny circular DNA and ribosomes

Front 22

glycogen

Back 22

animal starch, more branched

Front 23

isotonic

Back 23

fluid having same solute concentration relative to fluid against which it is being compared (stays the same)

Front 24

hydrolysis

Back 24

splitting of water

Front 25

pigment

Back 25

captures light energy

Front 26

diffusion

Back 26

movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

Front 27

exocytosis

Back 27

vesicle fuses with membrane and releases contents

Front 28

oxidation

Back 28

loss of electrons

Front 29

active transport

Back 29

pumps move solutes across membrane against concentration gradient (requires energy of ATP)

Front 30

heterotrph

Back 30

feeds on many different things

Front 31

photosystem

Back 31

pigments organized in clusters in thylakoid membranes

Front 32

thylakoid

Back 32

within the stroma; sub-organelles where photosynthesis takes palce

Front 33

hypotonic

Back 33

fluid has lesser solute concentration relative to another fluid (water goes in, gets bigger)

Front 34

cytoskeleton

Back 34

gives cell shape, organization, and ability to move

Front 35

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 35

moves material through cell
Rough - site pf protein synthesis
Smooth - site of lipid synthesis

Front 36

flagellum

Back 36

Has a 9+2 arrangement of microfilaments
They help cells move
Longer than cilia

Front 37

Golgi body

Back 37

completes protein assembly
"packages" them for shipment throughout cell

Front 38

Mitochondria

Back 38

food is broken down (oxidized) and energy captures in form of ATP
Divide on their own with own DNA

Front 39

Nucleus

Back 39

Separates DNA from rest of cell
Composed of: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromosomes
Contains DNA

Front 40

Ribosomes

Back 40

carry out protein synthesis

Front 41

vacuole

Back 41

fluid-filled sac that stores amino acids, sugars, ions, toxins

Front 42

lysosomes

Back 42

intracellular digestion of cell/cell parts

Front 43

Nucelotide

Back 43

monomer of a nucleic acid; consists of nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, and a phosphate

Front 44

phospholipid

Back 44

molecules that make up cell membrane, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic part

Front 45

triglyceride

Back 45

glycerol molecule with three fatty acid chains coming off of the side

Front 46

Six kingdoms of life

Back 46

eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Front 47

Buffers

Back 47

A buffer is a substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions, donating them to the solution when their concentration falls and taking them from the solution when their concentration rises. Buffers resist the slight changes in pH and help to stabilize it.
-Formed by weak acid (or base) and salt of that acid (or base)

Front 48

Subatomic particles and their organization

Back 48

Electron - negative charge, orbits around the nucleus, smallest
Proton - positive charge, in nucleus, same size as neutron
Neutron - no charge, in nucleus, same size as proton

Front 49

Hydrogen bonding and how it explains properties of water

Back 49

-Hydrogen bonding causes water molecules to be attracted to other molecules. They attract polar molecules and repel nonpolar molecules.
-Temperature Stablizing properties: Water needs to absorb a great deal of heat before temperature increases because added energy disrupts hydrogen bonding between molecules, not affecting molecules themselves.
-Because ice floats, it can insulate water beneath it.
-Hydrogen bonding causes high surface tension. Cohesion means it has the capacity to resist rupturing under tension.

Front 50

Formation of polymers form monomers

Back 50

Monomers link together to form polymers.
Monosaccharides - polysaccharides
Amino acids - proteins
Nucleotides - nucleic acids

Front 51

Contrast hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

Back 51

In dehydration synthesis, two things bond together to create water. An example is the linking of a monomer.
In hydrolysis, water is split apart. An example is breaking down polymers into monomers by hydrolysis.

Front 52

Different classes of carbohydrates and an example of each class

Back 52

Monosaccharides - glucose
Disaccharides - maltose
Polysaccharides - starch

Front 53

Differences between plant and animal cells

Back 53

Plant cells have a chloroplast for photosynthesis, they have a cell wall, and they have a large central vacuole. Animal ells do not have these organelles.

Front 54

Characteristics of living things

Back 54

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. All living things can reproduce.
3. All living things acquire/use energy
4. All living things grow and develop
5. All living things respond to environment to maintain homeostasis

Front 55

Functions of proteins

Back 55

Catalysts (enzymes)
Defense function (antibodies)
Transport (hemoglobin)
Membrane transport (sodium potassium pump)
Structure (muscles, collagen)
Hormones

Front 56

Construction of cell membrane (fluid mosaic model)

Back 56

Phospholipid bilayer plus embedded proteins.
The fluid bilayer constantly changes pattern of proteins.
The phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. They are arranged tail to tail.

Front 57

Gastro and itis

Back 57

stomach, inflammation

Front 58

Gastritis

Back 58

inflammation of the stomach

Front 59

C3, C4, and CAM plants

Back 59

-C3 plants go through the normal light and dark photosynthesis reactions
-C4 plants store carbon in the oxaloacetate and then go to bundle sheath cells where the Calvin cycle takes place
-CAM plants store carbon as acid in vacuoles. When plants are ready for photosynthesis, it is released from vacuole and goes to Calvin cycle.

Front 60

Light dependent and light independent reactions

Back 60

Light dependent - ADP, NADP+, and water goes into and comes out as ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Light independent - ATP and NADPH go into independent to make glucose

Front 61

Eubacteria

Back 61

Single celled prokaryotes

Front 62

Archaebacteria

Back 62

single celled prokaryotes, like eukaryotes in genetics

Front 63

Protista

Back 63

Unicellular prokayotes, or non specialized multicellular

Front 64

Fungi

Back 64

heterotrophic, eukaryotes, mushrooms, not photosynthesis

Front 65

Animalia

Back 65

Multicellular animals

Front 66

Plantae

Back 66

Trees, flowers
Photosynthesis
Multicellular