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17 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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Define respiration. what is the overall equation?
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respiration is the chemical process of releasing energy by breaking down glucose for carrying out life processes. the overall equation for this chemical breakdown utilizing oxygen is: C6H12 + 6CO2 ---> 6H2O + energy
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what is cellular/tissue respiration?
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C6H12 + 6CO2 ---> 6H2O + energy
this part ofrespiration, yielding enrgy, occurs inside the living cells and hence, it is better known as cellular or tissue respiration. this occurs in a series of chemical steps. some of it occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and some inside the mitochondria |
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what form is energy stored in the body?
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the energy liberated in the breakdown of the glucose molecule is stored as chemical energy, ATP. ATP means adenosine triphosphate. one mole of glucose on complete oxidation yields 38 molecules of ATP
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why do we need energy?
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1. synthesis of proteins from amino acids
2. production of enzymes 3 contraction of muscles for movement 4 conduction of electrical impulse in a nerve cell 5. production of new cells by cell division 6. in keeping the body warm (in warm-blooded animals, i.e. birds and mammals) |
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explain the difference of energy needs for animals and plants.
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animals need more energy because they consume more energy than plants in doing physical work.
- they have to move about for obtaining food or run away t escape enemies - they have to chew their food and have to look after their eggs or young ones, and so on. |
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why do birds and mammals need more energy as compared to other animals?
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birds and mammals have to produce a lot of heat to keep the body warm. the heat comes through respiration in the cells. this amount of heat needed is quite large. we are constantly losing heat to the outside air and more has to be produced to make up for the loss.
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what happens if there is no glucose available for respiration?
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the cells may have to break down fats or proteins to produce glucose for respiratory needs. In animals that are completely flesh eaters, the excess amino acids absorbed through protein digestion are broken down in the liver to produce glucose and the nitrogenous part is converted into urea. the glucose thus produce may be used immediately or may be stored in the liver cells as glycogen for future needs.
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*what happens in the liver*
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what is aerobic an anaerobic respiration? give examples
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almost all animals respire aerobically using oxygen. some exception cases such as tape worms living inside the human intestines respire anaerobically, in the absence of oxygen.
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explain how anaerobic respiration can occur even in humans. explain fatigue.
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when our muscles work too fast while not getting enough oxygen, anaerobic respiration may occur temporarily in the fast working skeletal muscle cells. in this situation, the muscles are working in the absence of oxygen to provide extra energy. the product of anaerobic respiration in the muscles is lactic acid. accumulation off this acid gives the feeling of fatigue - a condition that may be called oxygen debt. wehn resting after exercise, the lactic acid is slowly oxidised by O2 later available and then the 'debt is cleared', producing CO2 in the process.
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what are the chemical steps of aerobic respiration in animals?
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the chemical changes in aerobic respiration in animals are the same as in aerobic respiration in plants:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kcal/ mole (glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy) we can represent energy in the form of ATP: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP + 420 kcal (glucose + oxygen --->*in the presence of enzymes* ---> carbon dioxide + water + chemical energy + heat energy) |
*one mole of ATP = 7kcal*
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what are the chemical steps of anaerobic respiration in animals?
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over all chemical reaction can be summarized as:
C6H12O6 ---> *in the presence of enzymes* ---> lactic acid + 2ATP + heat energy -it is a slow process -the reaction cannot continue for a long time as the production of lactic acid is toxic on the cells causing fatigue and aches -no CO2 is produced -the total energy released per mole of glucose is much less as compared to aerobic respiration |
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what are the differences of anaerobic respiration in animals and plants?
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PLANTS:
-products of glucose are ethanol and CO2 -released heat energy is more - CO2 released causes foaming ANIMALS: -product of glucose is lactic acid (no CO2) -released heat energy is less - no CO2 so no foaming |
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what are the four major parts of respiration?
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-breathing:
this is a physical process in which the atmospheric air is taken in and forced out of the lungs(the oxygen absorbing organs). -gaseous transport: the oxygen absorbed by the blood in the lungs is carried by the RBCs as oxyhaemoglobin throughout the body by means of arteries. the carbon dioxide from the tissues is transported to the lungs by the blood in two ways: (i) as bicarbonates dissolved in plasma, and (ii) in combination with haemoglobin of RBCs as carbamino - haemoglobin -tisssue respiration: the terminal blood vessels such as the cappilaries deliver the oxygen to the body cells or tissues where oxygen diffuses through their thin walls and in a similar way, the cappilaries pick up the carbon dioxide released by them. - cellular respiration: the complex chemical changes that occur inside the cell to release energy from glucose. |
breathing, gaseous transport, tissue respiration, cellular respiration
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where does respiration occur in a cell?
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1. GLYCOLYSIS:
breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm into pyruvic acid.occurs outside mitochondria, and constitutes the anaerobic part of respiration in which the pyruvic acid is broken down into ethanol in plants and lactic acid in animals 2. KERBS CYCLE: occurs in mitochondria where pyruvic acid is further broken down step-by-step using oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dioxide. the hydrogen ions released in the cycle are removed through the oxygen supplied, by forming H2O. |
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what does the respiratory system in humans consist of?
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air passages (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi) and lungs.
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what is the structure and function of the nose?
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structure:
externa part of nose bears two nostrils seperated by a cartilaginous septum. the two nostrils open into a pair of nasal chambers functions: the hairs present in the nostrils prevent large particles from entering the system.the inner lining of the nasal chambers: i) warms the air as it passes over ii) adds moisture to the air iii)its mucous secretion entraps harmful particles. an additional function is to smell. the sensory cells of smell are located in a special pocket situated high up in the nasal chambers. |
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where is the pharynx located?
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the nasal chambers open at
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