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345 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Viruses
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What type of living things are noncellular?
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Outer capsid & nucleic acid
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What 2 things are viruses comprised of?
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Protein subunits
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What are capsids made of?
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Either DNA or RNA
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What are the inner core of nucleic acids made up of?
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Glycoprotein Spikes
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What can help a virus attach itself to cells?
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Virus
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What is an example of an obligate intracellular parasite?
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Because they can only reproduce inside a living cell
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Why are viruses considered an obligate intracellular parasite?
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Receptor
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A virus needs a specific molecule called a ______ on the host cell's outer surface in order to attach itself.
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Host cell
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Once inside a cell, the virus takes over the metabolic machinery of the _____ _____.
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Bacteriophage or phage
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What is a virus that reproduces in a bacterium?
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Lytic cycle
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These five phases, attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release, are part of what virus cycle?
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Attachment
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What phase of the lytic cycle does the capsid combine with a receptor in the bacterial cell wall?
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Penetration
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What phase of the lytic cycle does the viral enzyme digests away part of the cell wall, and viral DNA is injected into the bacterial cell?
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Biosynthesis
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What phase of the lytic cycle does the virus inactive host genes not necessary for replication?
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Maturation
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What phase of the lytic cycle does the viral DNA and capsids assemble to produce several hundred viral particles?
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Release
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What phase of the lytic cycle does the release of phage particles occur?
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Lysogenic Cycle
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In this cycle, the infected bacterium does not immedicately produce phage, but may do so in the future, and is therefore in a latent stage?
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Plasmodesmata
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The process by which viruses enter plants through damaged cells is called?
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outer membranous envelope
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Some animal viruses have an _____ ____ ____ beyond their capsid, and enter the cell via endocytosis.
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Retroviruses
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What are RNA animal viruses that have a DNA stage called?
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transcriptase
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Retroviruses have a special enzyme called _____ which carries out transcription of RNA to DNA.
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Emerging virus
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What kind of virus acts as a causative agent of a disease that only recently has infected large numbers of people?
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Emerging virus
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HIVE,West Nile, SARS, hantavirus, Ebola and H5N1 viruses are examples of what type of viruses?
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Viroids
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What are naked strands of RNA, that have been attributed to causing about a dozen crop diseases?
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Prions
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What term meas "proteinaceous infectious " particles, which interacts with normal proteins and causes it to misshape and cause disease such as Kuru and Mad Cow disease?
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Prokaryotes
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These types of cells carry no nucleus to contain their genome.
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Bacteria & Archaea
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What are the 2 types of Prokaryotes?
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Prokaryotes
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The first living cells were ______, possessing DNA but lacking a nucleus.
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Proteins, nucleic acids
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The first cells were preceded by biological macromolecules such as ___ and ____.
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Biotic Synthesis
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The process by which cells produce macromolecules such as proteins, amino acids and nucleotides is called?
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Abiotic
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Prior to cellular life, macromolecules must have been formed by _____ synthesis
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Protocells
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What are cell-like structures, complete with an outer membrane, that may have been the beginning of life as they self-assembled macromolecules eventually resulting in the rise to cellular life?
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Bacteria
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What are the most diverse and prevalent organisms on earth?
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Rods, spirals and spheres
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What are the 3 shapes of bacterial cells?
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Nucleoid
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In bacteria cells, there is no nucleus, but instead contains a closed circle of double-stranded DNA that make up a chromosome contained in the?
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Plasmids
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What are extrachromosomal DNA bacteria molecules called?
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No
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Do bacteria cells have membrane bound organelles?
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Flagella
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Motile bacteria use _____, but never cilia.
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Peptidoglycan
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Instead of a outer cell wall strengthened by cellulose bacteria cells have ______.
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Binary Fission
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Bacteria & archaea reproduce asexually by means of _______.
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Conjunction
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A type of genetic recombination in Bacteria where a donor cell passes DNA directly to a recipient cell.
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Transformation
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A type of genetic recombination in Bacteria where free pieces of DNA secreted by live prokaryotes or released by dead prokaryotes.
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Transduction
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A type of genetic recombination in Bacteria where bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another.
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Endospore
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When faced with unfavorable environmental conditions, some bacteria form ______, where a portion of cytoplasm and a chromosome copy dehydrate and are encased by 3 heavy protective spore coats. The rest of the cell deteriorates and the _____ is released.
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Spore formation
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What allows the survival and dispersal of bacteria to new places?
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Photoautotrophs
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Bacteria that can only perform oxygenic photosynthesis
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Chemoautotrophs
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Bacteria that takes in organic nutrients to use as a source of energy to synthesize macromolecules.
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Saprotrophs
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Bacteria that decompose any large organic molecule
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Symbiotic
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Bacteria that form relationships with other organisms
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mutualistic
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symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit
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commensalistic
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symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits, the other is not harmed
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parasitic
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symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits, the other is harmed
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Decomposers
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Bacteria are ______, that digest dead organic remains and return inorganic nutrients to producers.
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Nitrogen
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Without bacteria, ____ would not be available for plants to produce proteins or available to animals that feed on plants or other animals.
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Fermentation
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Bacterial ______ uses anaerobic conditions to produce foods such as cheese.
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Pathogens
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Microbes that cause disease are called ______, and can produce a toxin, adhere to surfaces and sometimes invade organs or cells.
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do not
do |
In almost all cases, the growth of microbes do/do not cause disease, but the release of toxins they release do/do not cause the disease.
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Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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What are the 3 domains?
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Eukarya
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Which domain is believed to have split off from the Archaea?
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Methanogens
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Which type of Archaea are found in anaerobic environments?
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Chemoautotrophs
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Methanogens are ________, that couple methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide to form ATP, which contributes to global warming.
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Halophiles
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Which type of Archaea require high salt concentrations for growth?
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Thermoacidophiles
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Which type of Archaea are isolated from extremely hot, acidic environments and reduce sulfur to sulfides?
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Endosymbiosis
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What is a condition in which different organisms live together, one inside the other?
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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What theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from prokaryotes that were taken up by a much larger eukaryotic cell?
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Prokaryote
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Which group of organisms lacks a nucleus, mitochondria and does not have membrane organelles?
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Bacteria & Archarea
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What are the 2 classifications of prokaryotes?
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Eukaryotes
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Portista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Manera are part of what Domain?
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Because they can't reproduce outside a living host cell.
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Why aren't viruses considered living?
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Virus
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What are just really pieces of RNA or DNA covered by a protein as protection?
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Protozoan, Algae and Slime/Water mold
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What are the 3 categories of Protista?
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Utilizing organic compounds as source of carbon.
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What does heterotrophic mean?
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Malaria
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What is the most widespread protozoan disease on the planet?
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Toxoplasmosis
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What is a protozoan disease transmitted by cats?
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Protozoans
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Which type of protist is unicellular, may have one or more nuclei, reproduce asexually by binary fission, are heterotrophic and are usually motile?
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Algae
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Which type of protist have chloroplast and carry on photosynthesis?
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Slime mold
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Which type of Protist feed on dead plant material?
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c) nucleic acid
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A Virus contains which of the following?
a) a cell wall b) a plasma membrane c) nucleic acid d) cytoplasm |
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d) attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release
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The 5 stages of bacteriophage lytic cycle occur in this order:
a) penetration,attachment, release, maturation,biosyntheis b) attachment, penetration, release, biosysnthesis, maturatoin c) biosynthesis, attachment, penetration, maturation, release d) attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release e) penetration, biosynthesis, attachment, maturation, release |
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b) sometimes have an envelope
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Animal viruses:
a) contain both DNA and RNA b) sometimes have an envelope c) sometimes infect bacteria d) do not reproduce inside cells |
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a) reverse transcriptase
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The enzyme that is unique to retroviruses is:
a) reverse transcriptase b) DNA polymerase c) DNA gyrase d) RNA polymerase |
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b) lysogenic
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The ____ cycle is a phage life cycle in which the infected bacterium does not immediately produce phage.
a) lytic b) lysogenic c) pathogenic d) transformation |
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d) slime molds - trypanosomes (unicellular parasites)
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Which of these is mismatched?
a) amoeboids - pseudopods (false feet) b) sporozoans (unicellular heterotrophic organism) - disease agents c) algae - variously colored d) slime molds - trypanosomes (unicellular parasites) |
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c) They die once they reproduce
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Which of the following statements about viroids is false?
a) They are composed of naked RNA b) They cause plant diseases c) They die once they reproduce d) They cause infected cells to produce more viroids |
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c) cause normal proteins to change shape
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Prion proteins cause disease when they:
a) enlarge in size b) break into small pieces c) cause normal proteins to change shape d) interact with DNA |
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c) mitochondria
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A bacterium contains all of the following except:
a) ribosomes b) DNA c) mitochondria d) cytoplasm e) a plasma membrane |
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ribosomes
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Bacteria have _____, but NOT membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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DNA
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Bacteria have____, but no nucleus.
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cell wall
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Bacteria have an outer ____ ____, not by cellulose but by peptidoglycan.
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flagella
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Bacteria usually use _____ for locomotion, but never cilia.
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c) chemoautotrophs
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The primary producers at deep-sea vents are:
a) heterotrophs b) symbionts c) chemoautotrophs d) photoautotrophs |
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a) bacteria
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Which organism is being described:
a) bacteria b) archaea c) both bacteria and archaea d) neither bacteria nor archaea peptidoglycan in cell wall |
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b) archaea
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Which organism is being described:
a) bacteria b) archaea c) both bacteria and archaea d) neither bacteria nor archaea methanogens |
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a) bacteria
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Which organism is being described:
a) bacteria b) archaea c) both bacteria and archaea d) neither bacteria nor archaea sometimes parasitic |
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d) neither bacteria or archaea
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Which organism is being described:
a) bacteria b) archaea c) both bacteria and archaea d) neither bacteria nor archaea contain a nucleus |
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c) both bacteria and archaea
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Which organism is being described:
a) bacteria b) archaea c) both bacteria and archaea d) neither bacteria nor archaea plasma membrane contains lipids |
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c) both bacteria and archaea
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Which organism is being described:
a) bacteria b) archaea c) both bacteria and archaea d) neither bacteria nor archaea reproduction by binary fission |
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d) pyrenoids
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Unlike plants, algae contain:
a) chloroplasts b) vacuoles c) mitochondria d) pyrenoids e) cell walls |
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a) Some protists are prokaryotic
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Which of the following is incorrect about protista?
a) Some protists are prokaryotic b) Protozoans can be unicellular C) Algae can produce asexually or sexually d) Slime molds and water molds are decomposers e) Protozoans are heterotrophic |
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a) diatoms
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Which of the following are uniocellular, golden-brown algae with a silica shell?
a) diatoms b) radiolarians c) trypanosomes d) sporozoans e) foraminiferans |
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charophytes protect the zygote
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What was the most important element of the evolution of plants?
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zygote, embryo
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Land plants not only protect the _____, they also protect and nourish the resulting _____.
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Green Algae (known as charophytes)
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What is the closest living relative of land plants?
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vascular tissue, drying, embryo
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Mosses are lowing plants that lack ____ ____ and therefore have no means of transporting water. They do protect the plant from _____ out and protect the ____ within a special structure.
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Lycophytes
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The ______ are among the first plants to have a vascular system that transports water and solutes from the roots to the leaves.
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microphylls
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The leaves of lycophytes called ______.
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ferns
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After lycophytes, _____ evolved with megaphylls and branching to increase the amount of photosynthesis.
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seeds
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After ferns, gymnosperms evolved with _______, which contained an embryo and stored organic nutrients within a protective coat.
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flowers
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Angiosperms were after gymosperms, which had _______, a reproductive structure to attract pollinators and they give rise to fruit to cover the seeds.
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Land plants, vascular plants, seed plants
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The 3 major groups in the evolution of plants are?
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Alteration of Generations
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All plants undergo ______ of _____, which has two forms, diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte.
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spores
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Meiosis produces haploid ______
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gametophyte
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A spore undergoes mitosis and becomes a _______.
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zygote
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In plants, fertilization occurs and produces a diploid _______.
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sporophyte
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The zygote undergoes mitosis and forms a _______ .
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Gametophyte
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A spore undergoes mitosis and forms a haploid ______.
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gametes
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The Gametophyte undergoes mitosis and forms a haploid ______.
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gametophyte
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In nonvascular plants, the ______ is the dominant generation.
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sporophyte
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In vascular plants, the ______ is the dominant generation.
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nonvascular
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Bryophytes are ________ plants, liverworts, hornworts and mosses.
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water
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Bryophytes are completely dependent on ____ for reproduction, where the sperm swim from the male shoots to the female shoots.
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sporophyte
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Within the sporangium, the zygote develops into an attached _______.
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spores, gametophytes
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The ____ are release into the air and will germinate on land in moist surroundings, where upon germination, ______ will develop.
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Vascular
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_____ plants have true roots, stems and leaves.
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xylem
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______ is the part of vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals up from the roots.
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Phloem
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____ is the part of vascular plants the conduct organic nutrients from one part of a plant to another.
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Lignin
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The walls of conducting cells in xylem are strengthened by _____, an organic compound which makes them stronger.
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Lycophytes and ferns
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The two types of seedless vascular plants are _____ and ______.
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rhizome
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______ is an underground stem which produces roots along its length.
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megaphylls
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Unlike lycophytes, ferns have large branched leaves called ________.
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Fronds
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Fern megaphylls are called _____.
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sori
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In ferns, sporangia are often located in clusters called _____, located on the undersides of fronds.
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Coal age
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Seedless vascular plants are often called ____ ___ plants.
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Seed coat, stored food
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The ____ ___ and ____ ___ protect the sporophyte embryo and allow it to survive harsh conditions during periods of dormancy until environmental factors become favorable for growth.
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Pollen grains
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_____ ____ are the drought resistant male gametophytes.
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Pollenization
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______ occurs when a pollen grain is brought to the vicinity of the female gametophyte by wind or a pollinator.
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_____ _____
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Sperm move toward the female gametophyte through a growing _____ ____.
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ovule
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A female gametophyte develops within an _____ .
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are not
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In gymnosperms, the ovules are/are not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at the time of pollination.
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are
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In angiosperms, the ovules are/are not completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at the time of pollination.
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naked seed
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The term gymnosperm means ___ ____.
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Conifers
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Pines, spruces, firs, cedars, hemlocks, redwood and cypresses are all _______.
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flowering
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Angiosperms (covered seeds) are called ____ plants.
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flower parts
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Angiosperm _____ _____ are called sepals, petals, stamens and carpels, and occur in circles.
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sepals
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The ____, collectively called calyx, protect the flower before it opens.
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corolla
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The petals, collectively called _____, often attract a particular pollinator.
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filament, anther
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Each stamen consists of a stalk, called a ____, and an _____, where pollen is produced in pollen sacs.
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carpel
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A ____ has 3 major regions, the ovary (which contains 1-100 ovules), the style which elevates the stigma (sticky and adapted for receiving pollen grains).
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fruit
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In angiosperms, the flower produces seeds enclosed by ____.
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Double fertilization
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During _____ _____, one sperm unites with an egg nucleius, forming a diploid zygotes and the other sperm unites with 2 other nucli, forming a triploid endosperm (the stored food).
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cotyledons
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In some seeds, the endosperm is absorbed by the seed leaves called ________.
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fruit
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One of the primary economic benefits of land plants is the use of the ____ as food.
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animals - because they do not have chloroplasts and can't photosynthesize
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Are fungi more closely related to plants or animal?
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digestive enzymes
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Fungi release ____ ____ into their immediate environment and then absorb the products of digestion.
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motile
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Fungi are non _____ and do not have flagella.
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hyphae
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A typical fungus is composed of _____, which are thin filaments of cells.
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Mycelium
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______ are masses of fungal hyphae cells.
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Fruiting body
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The common term mushroom is often used to describe the part of a fungi called the ____ ____.
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sporangia
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During asexual reproduction of a fungi, the mycelium produces _____, and spore formation occurs and are windblown.
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zygote
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In fungi sexual reproduction, two hyphae tips fuse, and then 2 nuclei fuse forming a ______, which is followed by meiosis of windblown spores.
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saprotrophs
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Most fungi are ______, which decompose the remains of plants, animals and microbes in the soil.
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Lichens
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____ are mutualistic associations betweena particular fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae.
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a) recirculation of water
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Which of the following is not a plant adaptation to land?
a) recirculation of water b) protection of embryo in maternal tissue c) development of flowers d) presence of vascular tissue e) seed production |
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e) both a and c are correct (haploid and produced by sporophytes
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Plant spores are:
a) haploid (n) b) produced by gametrophs c) produce by sprophytes d) diploid e) both a and c are correct |
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e) all of the above
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Charophytes
a) are freshwater green algae b) lack vascular tissue c) are the closest living relatives of land plants d) enclose their zygotes within protective structures e) all of the above |
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b) penicillin is derived from a fungus
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Which of the following are true:
a) People don't eat mushrooms because they might be poisonous b) penicillin is derived from a fungus c) the alcohol from yeast fermentation makes bread rise d) Fungi are prokaryotes like bacteria e) Fungi ingest their food in the same way animals do |
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c) ferns, d) gymnosperms & e) angiosperms
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Identify the groups to which each feature belongs
a) mosses b) lycophytes c) ferns d) gymnosperms e) angiosperms have megaphylls |
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all do
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Identify the groups to which each feature belongs
a) mosses b) lycophytes c) ferns d) gymnosperms e) angiosperms exhibit alternation of generations |
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d) gymnosperms & e) angiosperms
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produce seeds
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a) mosses
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Identify the groups to which each feature belongs
a) mosses b) lycophytes c) ferns d) gymnosperms e) angiosperms lack true roots, stems and leaves |
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d) gymnosperms
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Identify the groups to which each feature belongs
a) mosses b) lycophytes c) ferns d) gymnosperms e) angiosperms produce ovules that are not completely surrounded by sporophyte tissue |
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a) mosses, b) lycophytes and c) ferns
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Identify the groups to which each feature belongs
a) mosses b) lycophytes c) ferns d) gymnosperms e) angiosperms produce swimming sperm |
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e) angiosperms
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Identify the groups to which each feature belongs
a) mosses b) lycophytes c) ferns d) gymnosperms e) angiosperms produce flowers |
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all do
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Identify the groups to which each feature belongs
a) mosses b) lycophytes c) ferns d) gymnosperms e) angiosperms produce the embryo as well as the zygote |
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e) a & d
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Lichens:
a) can live on bare rocks b) can only survive in nutrient-rich soils c) are parasitic on trees d) can reproduce asexually e) a & d |
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b) ovary
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A fruit is derived from
a) corolla b) an ovary c) an ovule d) the calyx |
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b) Fungal cell walls are composed of cellulose
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Which of the statements about fungi is false?
a) Most fungi are multicellular b) Fungal cell walls are composed of cellulose c) Most fungi are nonmotile d) Fungi digest their food before ingesting it |
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e) both a & b are correct
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Chytrids are
a) a group of fungi with flagellated spores and gamets b) responsible for a serious infection in frogs c)a group of flowering plants that produce "naked seeds" d) the immature leaves of ferns e) both a & b are correct |
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e) both b & c are correct - windblown and germinates directly into an organism
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A fungal spore:
a) contains an embryonic organism b) germinates directly into an organism c) is often windblown d) is most often diploid e) both b & c are correct |
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e) all of these are correct
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Mychorrhizal fungi:
a) are a type of lichen b) help plants gather solar energy c) help plants gather inorganic nutrients d ) all of these are correct |
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e) More than one of these is correct
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The gametophyte is the dominant generation in :
a) ferns b) mosses c) gymnosperms d) angiosperms e) More than one of these is correct |
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a) embryo
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A seed is a mature
a) embryo b) ovule c) ovary d) pollen grain |
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b) a plant vascular tissue that transports water an minerals
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Xylem is:
a) a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of all fungi b) a plant vascular tissue that transports water an minerals c) a plant vascular tissue that transports organic compounds d) a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants e) the part of a flower that produces pollen |
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d) decomposer
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Which of the following is a asprotroph?
a) photosynthetic organism b) pine tree c) nonvascular plant d) decomposer e) fern leaf |
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e) both a and c are correct
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A mycelium is:
a) a mass of fungal filaments b) a type of fungus with flagellated spores and gametes c) the main body of a typical fungus d) a mutualistic association between a fungus and a green alga or cyanobacterium e) both a and c are correct |
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Eukarya
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Animals are part of what domain?
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haploid egg
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Animals begin life as a fertilized _____ _____.
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tissue
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Animals produce an organism with specialized ______, specifically muscles and nerves.
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protist
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Most scientist agree that animals evolved from a ______.
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Colonial Flagellate
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The ____ _____ hypothesis states that animals are descended from an ancestor that resembled a hollow, spherical colony of flagellated cells.
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choanoflagellates
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Among the last unicellular protist, the ______ is the closest living protist to an animal.
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Radial
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_____ symmetrical animals tend to stay in one place and reach out in all directions to get their food.
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bilaterally
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_____ symmetrical animals tend to actively go after their food.
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Sponges
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______ are multicellular, but have no true tissue and therefore have a cellular level of organization and are classified as parazoans.
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Germ
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____ layers give rise to all other tissues and organs in an animal's body.
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Eumetazoans
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_______ have true tissues, which are formed from germ layers when they are embryos.
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ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
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The 3 germ layers are ?
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cephalization
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During evolution, the tendency towards bilateral symmetry is accompanied by ______, localization of a brain and specialized sensory organs at the anterior end of an animal.
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mouth, anus
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In embryo development for protostomes, the blastopore becomes the _____, and in deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the ____.
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lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa
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The protostomes are divided into 2 groups called the _____ and the ______.
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adding additional mass to their existing body
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The lophotrochozoa grow by _____.
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molting
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The Ecdysozoa grow by _____.
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acoelomates
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Some protostomes have no coeloma (body cavity) and are ________, such as the flatworms.
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pseudocoelomates
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Roundworms are ________, which have a layer of meosderm but not a wall around their gut.
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Segmentation
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______ is the repetition of body parts along the length of the body, which leads to specialization of parts because the various segments can become differentiated for specific purpose, i.e. our spines.
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sponges, cnidarians
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The two groups of invertebrate animals are _____ and ______.
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both
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Sponges produce asexually/sexually/both?
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collar
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The body wall of a sponge is lined internally with flagellated cells called _____ cells.
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filter
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A sponge is a sedentary ____ feeder, an organism that filters its food from the water by means of a straining device.
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budding
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Sponges can reproduce asexually by fragmentation or _______, where a small protuberance appears and increases in size until it falls off and creates a complete new organism.
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cellular
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Sponges are multicellular but lack organized tissues and therefore have a _____ level of organization.
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radically, two, tissue
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Cnidarians are _____ symmetrical, capture their prey with stinging cells called ____, and have ___ germ layers and have a ____ level of organization, making them the first of the eumetazoans.
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molting
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Lophotrochozoans are different from protostomes because they increase their body size WITHOUT _____.
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Lophotrophozoans
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Flatworms, Molluscs and Annelids make up the group called ______.
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lophophore
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The Lopho in Lophotrophozoans refers to the tentacle-like feeding structure called a ____ .
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trochophore
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The Trocho in Lophotrophozoans refers to a larval stage called _____,that is characterized by a distinct band of cilia.
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bilateral, three, coelom
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Flat worms are of _____ symmetry, have ___ levels of germ layer but have no _____.
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body, nervous
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Flat worms are called planarians, and have several ____ systems, including a ladder like _____ system.
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hermaphrodites
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Planarians are _______, meaning that they posses both male an female sex organs.
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tapeworms, flukes
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Parasitic flat worms belong to two classes, the ___ and _____.
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coelomate
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Molluscs are coelomate/acoelomate organisms with a complete digestive tract.
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visceral mass, foot, mantle
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All Molluscs bodies are made of 3 distinct parts, the ____ ______, is the soft-bodied portion that contains internal organs, the ____ is the strong muscular portion used for locomotion, and the ____ is a membrane that covers, but does not completely close the visceral mass.
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shell
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In molluscs, the mantle may secrete an exoskeleton called a ____.
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radula
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In molluscs, there is a tongue-like structure called a ____, an organ with teeth to obtain food.
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Gastropods - i.e. snails
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______, (meaning stomach footed) the animal moves by muscle contractions that pass along the foot.
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Cephalopods - i.e. octopus
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_____, (meaning head-footed), the foot has evolved into tentacles around the head.
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bivalves
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Oysters, muscles and clams are called ____, because they have tow parts to their shells.
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Food, pearls
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Molluscs have some economic importance as a source of ____ and ____.
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segmented
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Annelids are _____, as can be seen by the rings that encircle the body.
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digestive, nervous, nephridium
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Annelids have a fluid filled coelom, a _____ system (pharnyx, esophagus, crop, intestine, etc), a _____ system, with a brain connected to a ventral nerve cord and a_____, that is a tubule to collect waste and excrete.
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Annelids
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Earthworms, leeches and clam worms are examples of ______.
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exoskeleton
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The name ecdysozoan means these animals must secrete a nonliving ______ in order for the organism to grow.
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roundworms, anrthropods
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Two types of ecdysozoans are _____ and ____.
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Jointed appendages
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What gives arthropods the ability to move?
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exoskeleton
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What do Arthropods have that is made of chitin, giving them protection, muscle attachment and locomotion?
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segmentation
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What gives Arthropods jointed appendages, such as a head, thorax and abdomen?
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nervous system
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What do Arthropods possess that supports the brain and nerve cord?
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respiratory organs
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what do Arthropods have that have a means of taking in oxygen?
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Metamorphosis
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What is the process by which Arthropods undergo a change in form and physiology as a larva to become an adult?
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lobster, crabs, shrimp
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What is an example of a Crustacean (Arthropod) that has a hard crusty shell?
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segmented, six
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Arthropods are animals with _____ bodies and ____ or more jointed legs.
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insects
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What are the only arthropods that are powered by flight?
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8, spiders
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Arachnids have ___ eight legs and the most well known arachnids are ___.
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10
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Crustaceans have ___ or more legs.
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Echinoderms, Chordates
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The two types of Deuterostomes are ____ and ____.
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radially
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Echinoderms are radially/bilaterally symmetrical.
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no
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Do Echinoderms have a brain and/or nervous system?
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Starfish
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What is an example of a Echinoderm?
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Echinoderms
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What animal in the evolutionary line are most closely related to chordates?
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water
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Echinoderms locomotion depends on a ____ vascular system
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do not
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Echinoderms do/do not have a complex respiratory, excretory or circulatory system?
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1) dorsal supporting rod - notochord
2) dorsal tubular nerve cord 3) pharyngeal pouches 4) tail |
What are the 4 characteristics of a Chordate?
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notochord, vertebral column
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Lancelets and Tunicates are examples of chordates in which the ______ is never replaced by the _______ ______.
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vertebrae
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What evolutionary trend distinguishes the chordate invertebrates from fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals?
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True
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Vertebrates have all 4 chordate characteristics during embryonic development. T/F
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Amphibians
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_____ were the first group to have jointed appendages and to invade land.
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jawless fish
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The first vertebrates were ___ ____.
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jawless, cartilaginous and bony
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What are the 3 types of fish?
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cartilage (i.e. shark)
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Cartilaginous fish have skeletons made out of _____ instead of bone.
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Amphibians
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______ were the first chordates to make their way to land.
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water, land
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Most amphibians have larva stages in the ____ and adult stages on ___.
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limbs
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What feature distinguishes amphibians from lobe-finned fishes?
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lungs
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What feature distinguishes lobe-finned fish from bony fish?
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bony skeleton
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What feature distinguishes bony fish from cartilaginous fish?
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amniotic egg
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What feature distinguishes amphibians from reptiles?
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mammary glands
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What feature distinguishes reptiles from mammals?
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ectothermic
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Reptiles are _____, which means their body temperature matches that of the outside environment.
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Birds
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The reptile class includes ____.
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endothermic
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Birds are ______ and generate internal heat.
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hair, mammary glands
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The two chief characteristics of mammals are _____ and ____.
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digestive
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Monotremes are mammals that have a cloaca, a terminal region of the ______ tract.
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inside the female's body
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Marsupials begin their development _____.
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placental
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The majority of mammals are ______.
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food, locomotion
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Mammals are distinguished by their methods of obtaining _____ and their mode of ____.
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herbivore, carnivore
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The size of mammals teeth determine whether they are an ____ or ____.
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prosimians
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The common ancestor for all primates are the _____.
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anthropoids
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The _____ include monkeys, apes and humans.
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Hominids
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_____ include apes, chimpanzees and humans.
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opposable
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Primates have both an _____ thumb or toe.
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African apes
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Humans are most closely related to ____ ___.
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ancestor
|
Humans and apes SHARE a common ___, and did NOT evolve from apes.
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Bipedalism
|
The characteristic allowing a hominin to stand erect and walk on two feet is ____.
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|
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Mosaic
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____ evolution is when different body parts change at different rates and therefore at different times.
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|
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Australopithecines
|
A group of hominins that evolved and diversified in Africa about 4MYA - Lucy.
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|
|
Homo habilis
|
Early ancestor with omnivorous and plants, used tools and had language.
|
|
|
Homo Erectus
|
The first hominins to use fire and more advanced tools over 1.9-1.6 MYA.
|
|
|
Multiregional continuity hypothesis
|
What hypothesis stipulates that homo erectus migrated to Europe, Asia and Africa into homo sapiens?
|
|
|
Replacement Model or out-of-africa model
|
Suggest homo erectus evolved ONLY in Africa and later migrated to Europe & Asia.
|
|
|
mothers
|
Mitochondrial DNA can only be passed through our ____, which can be traced back.
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|
|
Cro-Magnons
|
___ are the oldest fossils to be designated Homo Sapiens found in France.
|
|
|
Neandertals
|
H. Sapiens present in Eurasia some 200,0000 years ago.
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b) a choanoflagellate
|
Which of the following protists is hypothesized to be ancestral to animals?
a) a green algal protist b) a choanoflagellate c) an amoeboid protist d) a slime mold |
|
|
d) none of these are correct - sponges are at the beginning of the evolutionary chain of animals
|
Sponges are ancestors of:
a) cnidarians b) protostomes c) deuterostomes d) none of these are correct |
|
|
chordates
|
Which group has the characteristics:
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates Must have endoskeleton |
|
|
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, chordates
|
Which group has the characteristics:
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates typically billaterally symmetrical as adults |
|
|
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, echinoderms
|
Which group has the characteristics:
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates nonsegmented |
|
|
flatworms
|
Which group has the characteristics:
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates lack any kind of coelom |
|
|
arthropods
|
Which group has the characteristics:
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates chitin exoskeleton |
|
|
annelids
|
Which group has the characteristics:
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates contain a mantle |
|
|
echinoderms
|
Which group has the characteristics:
flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates move by pumping water |
|
|
b) thorax
|
Insects have wings and three pairs of legs attached to the
a) abdomen b) thorax c) head d) midsection |
|
|
e) all of these are correct
|
Cartilaginous fishes detect their prey by sensing
a) electrical currents b) odors c) pressure changes d) more than one is correct e) all of these are correct |
|
|
c) ectothermic
|
Which of the following is not a feature of mammals?
a) hair b) milk producing glands c) ectothermic d) four chambered heart e) diaphragm to help expand lungs |
|
|
a) australopithecus afarensis - bipedal but small brain
|
Which of these is matched correctly?
a) australopithecus afarensis - bipedal but small brain b) homo habilis - made tools and migrated often c) home erectus - had fire and migrated out of Europe to Africa d) Homo sapiens - projecting face and had culture e) both a and c are correct |
|
|
a) ectoderm and endoderm
|
Cnidarians are considered to be organized at the tissue level because they contain:
a) ectoderm and endoderm b) ectoderm c) ectoderm and mesoderm d) endoderm and mesoderm e) mesoderm |
|
|
a) redial symmetry
|
Which of the following is not a feature of a coelomate?
a) redial symmetry b) three germ layers c) complete digestive tract body plan d) organ level of organization |
|
|
d) cephalopod
|
The type of mollusc that has tentacles is a:
a) gastropod b) bivalve c) univalve d) cephalopod |
|
|
a) a segmented body
|
A feature of annelids is:
a) a segmented body b) acoelomate c) a sac body plan d) radial symmetry |
|
|
b) eight legs
|
Which of the following is not a feature of an insect?
a) compound eyes b) eight legs c) antennae d) exoskeleton e) jointed legs |
|
|
e) beetle
|
Which of the following is not an arachnid?
a) spider b) tick c) mite d) scorpion e) beetle |
|
|
a) ears
|
Unlike bony fishes, amphibians have
a) ears b) jaws c) a circulatory system d) a heart |
|
|
e) well-developed bladder
|
Which of the following is not an adaptation for flight in birds?
a) air sacs b) modified forelimbs c) bones with air cavities d) acute vision e) well-developed bladder |
|
|
a) spiny anteater and duckbill platypus
|
Examples of monotremes include the
a) spiny anteater and duckbill platypus b) opossum and koala c) badger and skunk d) porcupine and armadillo |
|
|
b) mode of reproduction
|
Mammals are distinguished based on
a) size and hair type b) mode of reproduction c) number of limbs and method of caring for their young d) number of mammary glands and number of offspring |
|
|
d) bipedal locomotion
|
The first human-like feature to evolve in the hominins was
a) a large brain b) massive jaws c) a slender body d) bipedal locomotion |
|
|
d) all of the above
|
In H. hablilis enlargement of the portions of the brain associated with speech probably led to:
a) cooperative hunting b) sharing of food c) the development of culture d) all of the above |
|
|
b) replacement model (out of Africa)
|
Mitochondrial DNA data support which hypothesis for the evolution of humans?
a) multiregional continuity b) replacement model (out of Africa) |
|
|
b) gibbon
|
Which of the following is an anthropoid, but not a hominid?
a) human b) gibbon c) orangutan d) chimpanzee e) gorilla |
|
|
a) sponge
|
Which of the following does not have cephalization?
a) sponge b) planarian c) frog d) snail e) scorpion |
|
|
a) planarian
|
Which of the following is a bilaterally symmetrical, hermaphroditic acoelomate?
a) planarian b) sponge c) jellyfish d) earthworm e) sea start |
|
|
leaf, stem & ogans
|
What are the plants 3 vegetative organs?
|
|
|
stem, root
|
Plant have a ____ system and a ____ system.
|
|
|
terminal
|
Activity at the ________ bud at tip of shoot causes shoot to increase in length.
|
|
|
deciduous
|
________ plants lose their leaves during a particular season for water conservation.
|
|
|
leaves
materials tissue |
Stem functions - support _____, transport ____ between roots and leaves and produce new ______.
|
|
|
lateral or axillary
|
Lateral branches grow from a ______ or ______ bud located where a leaf joins the stem.
|
|
|
node
|
A _____ is where a leaf attaches to a stem.
|
|
|
internode
|
______ is a region between nodes.
|
|
|
support
absorb |
The two functions of roots are to ______ the plant by anchoring it in the soil and to _____ water and minerals.
|
|
|
hairs
|
The root _____ found in zone of root tip increase absorptive capacity of the root.
|
|
|
monocots
eudicots |
Flowering plants are divided into two major groups, _____ and _____.
|
|
|
cotyledon
|
A _______ is the embryonic leaves present in the seeds.
|
|
|
moncot
|
Plants whose embryo has one cotyledon are known as ______.
|
|
|
eudicots
|
Plants whose embryo has two cotyledons are known as ______ .
|
|
|
xylem
phloem |
Vascular plants have two types of transport tissue, the _____ for water and minerals and the ____ for organic nutrients.
|
|
|
ring
|
In monocots, the root xylem and phloem form a ____.
|
|
|
star
|
In eudicots the root xylem and phloem form a ____.
|
|
|
pararell
|
In monocots, the leaf veins form a _____ pattern.
|
|
|
net
|
In eudicots, the leaf veins from a ____ pattern.
|
|
|
threes
|
In monocots, the flower parts are in multiples of ____.
|
|
|
fours, fives
|
In eudicots, the flower parts are in multiples of ___ and ___.
|
|
|
seedlings
|
In euidcots, the cotyledons provide nutrients to their ___.
|
|
|
epidermis
|
The entire body of a plant is covered by an _______.
|
|
|
cuticle
|
Plant cells exposed to air are covered by a waxy ____.
|
|
|
stoma
|
In leaves, the epidermis often contains ______, a small opening surrounded by two guard cells, used for gas exchange and water loss to occur.
|
