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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Ecology
interaction and interdependence among organisms with their physical surroundings
Biosphere
the portion of the Earth in which life exists; composed of many complex ecosystems
Biome
a region characterized by its flora and fauna (plants and animals) and climate (temperature and precipitation); similar biomes can be found in many parts of the world
Ecosystem
the living community and the physical environment functioning together (includes Abiotic and biotic factors)
Community
all the interacting populations in a given area (ecosystem)
- includes only biotic factors
Population
all the members of a species inhabiting a given location
-includes only biotic factors
Individual/Organism
1 individual organism from one species
-includes only biotic factors
carrying capacity
the maximum number of resources that there can be in a balanced/stable ecosystem
Ecosystem
the structural and functional unit of ecology
Nutritional relationships
involve the transsfer of nutrients from one organism to another within an ecosystem
Competition
when two organisms of two diff species require the same limited resources
Competitive Exclusion Principle
No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat
Habitat
description of where a species lives
Niche
the role/position of an organism in an ecosystem
Autotrophs/producers
synthesize their own food from inorganic raw materials and a usable energy source
Heterotrophs/Consumers
can't sythesize their own food, depend on other organisms for nutrition
Detritivores/Decomposers
consumes dead matter, helps in decomposition and recycling of nutrients to the ecosystem
Herbivore
consume only plant matter
Carnivore
consume only animal matter
Predator
hunts another animal (prey)
scavenger/saphrophage
feeds on recently killed organisms that they didn't kill
Omnivore
consume both animal and plant
Mutualism
a relationship where both organisms benefit
Commensalism
a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Parsitism
a relationship where one organism benefits and the host is killed/harmed
Energy Flow
In order for an ecosystem to be self-sustaining, there has to be a constant source of energy that constantly flows; this is depicted by food chains/food webs
ENERGY IS NEVER RECYCLED!!
Food chain
single pathway in the ecosystem that begins with producers harnessing light energy into chemical energy that is in turn taken by a series of consumers
Food web
interconnected food chains; more representative of a real ecosystem
Energy Pyramid
most similar to a food chain. Energy flows from producer to consumer, etc. ONLY 10% of the energy from the food is transferred from one trophic level to the next
Biomass pyramid
shows amount of organic matter at each trophic level. Shows you need a greater mass of producers to feed each successive trophis level as you only get 10% of the energy as you go up
Numbers pyramid
shows population of each trophic level. This may look different than the food or biomass pyramids
Limiting factors
biotic and abiotic factors that can limit the growth of population
Biogeochemical cycles
in a self sustaining stable ecosystem, energy is never recycled but materials must be recycled. Materials are recycled through the interaction between abiotic and biotic factors
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Cycle
C, H, O are recycled through respiration and photosynthesis
Water/Hydrologic Cycle
Water is recycled through the atmosphere through transpiration (from plants), evaporation, respiration (from animals), precipitation, and condensation
Ecosystem Formation
econsystems change over long periods of time until a stable ecosystem is formed
Succession
the process in which one ecosystem replaces another until a final stable community is reached
Pioneer species
simple organisms to start this process
Climax community
stable organisms that remain in an ecosystem for long periods of time because they are best suited for the enviornment and can outcompete other simpler species
-final stage of succession
Primary Succession
when an ecosystem has been disturbed to the point that there is no soil, only bare rock. STARTING FROM SCRATCH
Secondary Succession
when an ecosystem has been disturbed but soil is still intact
Tundra Biome
Permafrost
Fauna: caribou, snowy owl, fox, polar bear
Flora: lichens, mosses, grasses
Boreal Forest Biome
Long sever winter, summers-thawing of subsoil
Fauna: moose, elk, black and grizzly bears
Flora: conifers(spruce, firs, pines)
Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome
Moderate precipitation, cold winters, warm summers (our biome!)
Fauna: Deer, squirrel, fox
Flora: deciduous (oak, maple, elm) leaves fall of in fall
Tropical Rain Forest Biome
Heavy Precipitation, constant warmth
Fauna: snake, monkey, tiger
Flora: broad leaved trees (bamboos, bananas, ferns)
Grassland Biome
heavy precip, constant warmth
Fauna: antelope, prairie dog, bison, lemurs
Flora: grasses, cereal grains
Desert Biome
EXTREMES in temp (hot day, freezing night), arid-little to no precip.
Fauna: snake, lizards, kangaroo rat
Flora: drought-resistant succulents (cacti)
Marine biome
Fauna: Shark, whale, zooplankton, cod, anemone, clownfish
Flora: algae, kelp, phytoplankton
HIPPO
Negative impact of humans on biodiversity:
Habitat destruction
Introduced/ Invasive Species
Pollution
Population growth
Overconsumption