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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Robert Hooke
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1663 British
Named the cell "cell" Wrote the book micrographia Looked at Cork cells (wood) |
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Francesco Redi
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1668- Italian
Disproved Spontanious Generation- proved that living things dont come from non living things (ex. maggots dont come from old meat) |
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Anton Von Leawenhoek
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1673- Dutch
Father of Microscopes-made hundreds of microscopes with 200X Father of microbiology- firt to find living objects in what seemed to be "non living" objects (found protists in rainwater, bacteria on teeth) |
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Robert Brown
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1831- Scottish
discovered brownian motion- the random movement of particles/atoms (like electrons) Discovered the nucleus of a cell |
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Schleiden and Schwann
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1839- German
Schleiden- proved that all plants were made of cells Schwann- proved that all animals were made of cells DISCOVERED THAT ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS schwann studied schwann cells (cells of the nervous system) |
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Rudy Virchow
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1858- German
first to study leukemia and cancer Created Cellulos Omunous Cellulos (all cells come from other cells) |
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Vonkolliker
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1861- Switzerland
looked at muscle and nerve cells discovered the mitochondria improved the cell staining technique |
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Camille Golgi
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1898- Italian
discovered the golgi apparatus |
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Robert Koch
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1882- German
proposed the postulate that bacteria and viruses could cause infectous diseases nobel prize for his work on taburculosus |
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Ernst Ruska
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1931- German
invented the electron microscope |
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Watson and Crick
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1953- American and British
Studied and photographed DNA got the nobel prize for their DNA work actually they werent the first to photograph DNA they just got the credit |
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Mitochondria
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Found in both plant and animal cells
creates energy for the cell (glucose is too big a form of energy) so the mitochondria breaks down glucose into more usuable forms of energy called ATP site of cellular respiration double membrane inner membrane is site of aerobic respiration inner membrane is ruffled called the cristae mitochondria have their own DNA and make their own proteins |
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centrioles
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assit in cell division
only found in animal cells they are made of protein fibers |
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Smooth and Rough ER
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series of double membranes that loop back and forward between the cell membrane and the nucleus
fill up the cytoplasm rough ER has ribosomes attatched to it (where proteins are made) smooth ER has no ribosomes attatched to it acts as a way of transporting proteins |
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Lysosomes
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single membrane and a digestive enzyme (protein) inside
lysosomes dissolve bacteria and old organelles (called suicide sacks) |
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Golgi Body
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Proteins are sent through the cisternae- Packages proteins that are received from the rough ER and sends them off to the cytoplasm (some are made into lysosomes)
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Nucleus
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Controls all cell activity
Nuclear membrane has pores that allow ribosomes, RNA, and others to pass in and out Nucleus has chromatin in it Nucleus houses the nucleolus which is a ball of chromatin THE NUCLEOLUS MANUFACTURES RIBOSOMES the chromatin is the DNA |
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Chloroplasts
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where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells
makes glucose for the cell only in plant cells |
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Autolysis
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when the lysosome breaks open and self distructs in order to dissolve a bacteria etc
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what is the difference between the outer and the inner structure of the mitochondria
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outer- has a double membrane just protects the mitochondria
innter- called the cristae white ruffled folded structure |
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where might have mitochondria have originiated from and why
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they might have come from bacteria since mitochondria have their own set of DNA and create their own proteins
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what does the outer membrane of the nucleus look like
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it has pores that allow ribosomes RNA and others to pass in and out of the nucleus
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describe the inner contents of the nucleus
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chromatin- thick ropy strands that make up the nucleolus that make ribosomes- chromatin is also where the DNA is
nucleolus- condensed ball of chromatin |
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what are the disk like structures in chloroplasts called
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Grana- connected by thylakoid membranes
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what is the cell theory
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all cells come from other cells
all living things are made from cells cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things |
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what are photographs viewed through a microscope called
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micrographs
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a cell part with a specific job is called a
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organelle
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what organelle does both plant and animal cells have that covers the cell
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plasma membrane
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what does the plasma membrane do
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regulates chemicals going in and out of the cell
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what is the area between the nucleus and the plasma membrane called
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cytoplasm
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what do plant cells have in addition to the plasma membrane
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cell wall
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what is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
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pro- only bacteria, no nucleus only organelle it has is ribosomes
eukar- has a nucleus enclosed by a membrane and all the other organelles with membranes |
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what are the four types of eukaryotic cells
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animal
plant fungi protista |
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what are the two kinds of prokaryotic cells
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eubacteria and archiobacteria
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what two structures are found in plant but not animal cells
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cell wall and choloroplasts
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what two things make up the membrane of a cell
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proteins and phospholipids
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phospholipid bilayer
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two layers of phospholipids that are sandwiched together that make up the membrane
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what kind of molecules cross the membrane easily
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small nonpolar molecules like oxygen
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what kind of molecules do not pass through the membrane easily
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large polar molecules like sugars
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what role do proteins play in the phospholipid bilayer
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enzymes- carry out chemical reactions
also proteins help cells communicate and recognize each other transport proteins- moves certain substances across the membrane |
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diffusion
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movement of the molecules of a substance from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated
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equilibrium
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when the concentration of the molecules of the substance is the same throughout and the system is balanced
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selectively permeable membranes
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these membranes only let some substances pass through but block out other substances
cellular membranes are selectively permeable |
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facilitated diffusion
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transport proteins make a path for certain molecules (like water and sugars) to pass through the membrane
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what are the three kinds of passive transport and what is passive transport
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facilitated diffusion diffusion and osmosis
passive transport- when the cell doesn't use any energy to move substances through the membrane |
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osmosis
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the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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hypertonic
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when there is a high concentration of solute and a lower concentration of water
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hypotonic
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when there is a lower concentration of solute and a higher concentration of water
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in what direction does osmosis happen
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water will move from the hypotonic side of the membrane to the hypertonic side of the membrane
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when the concentrations of water and solute are the same on both sides of the membrane the solution is said to be
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isotonic
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active transport
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when energy is needed to move molecules through a membrane
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what do vesicles do
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membrane sacs that move bigger molecules in and out of the cell membrane
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exocytosis
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when a vesicle moves a molecule OUT of the cell
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endocytosis
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when a vesicle moves a molecule INTO the cell
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what surrounds the nucleus
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nuclear envelope (it is a pair of membranes)
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what does the nucleolus make
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ribosomes
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what do ribosomes do
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they make proteins
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ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins that ______
ribosomes attached to the rough ER make proteins that______ |
1) stay inside the cell for the cell to use
2) are sent outside of the cell for the body to use |
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what does the smooth ER do
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builds lipid molecules and produces hormones
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vacuoles
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membrane bound sacs that are storage places for undigested nutrients, color pigments, or self defense poisons
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what is the energy source for cells
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ATP
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where is ATP made in the mitochondria
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in the ruffled folds of the inner membrane
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ATP is a ___
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nucleotide
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cytoskeleton
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network of fibers that supports organelles and maintains the shape of the cell
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what are the two kinds of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton
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microtubules- tubes of proteins that make a cell rigid and give it shape and organization-also allows organelles to move
microfilaments- enables a cell to change shape or move |
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what are the two things that allow a cell to move
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flagella- one big tail that lets the cell move in a whipping motion
cilia- multiple short little tails that project from all around the cell |
