Biology - Plants

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Proteas

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grow in Cape floristic region of South Africa; (9000 species grow here)

Cape Sugarbirds depend on proteas for food (nectar) and shelter (build nests in branches

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plant

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multicellular eukaryote that produces its own food

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cuticle

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waxy layer on plants that holds in moisture

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stomata

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pores (holes) in the cuticle of a plant;

cells open and close to prevent water loss and allow air (gas) to move in and out

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vascular system

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tissues in plants that bring water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and disperse sugars from the leaves

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lignin

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hardens the cell walls of vascular tissues so that tall plants can support their weight;

also responsible for strength of wood

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pollen grain

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two celled - contains male form of the plant's gamete;

cell divides to form sperm; pollen can be carried by wind or animals to female structures for reproduction

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Shared Characteristics----
Plants - Green Algae

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1. multicellular eukaryotes - produce own food through photosynthesis and have adapted to life on land

a. Photosynthetic eukaryotes
b. chlorophyll that captures energy from sun (makes plants green)
c. starch - use starch as storage
d. cell walls that contain cellulose (complex carbohydrate,,,sugar)

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Common Ancestor of Plants

Charophyceae

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multicellular body - led to cell specializatiton
cell division - produces smaller cells
reproduction - moves sperm to fertilize eggs

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oldest plants to newest to evolve

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1. charaphyceans
2. mosses
3. ferns
4. cone - like pine trees
5. flower plants

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To live on land plants adapted by developing:

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cuticle
stomata
vascular system
lignin
pollen grain
seed

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mutualisms

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interaction between two species where both benefit

For example: between plant roots and fungi and bacteria -

roots - provide habitat for fungi and bacteria

fungi and bacteria - help roots get mineral nutrients form the soil

example 2 - plants depend on animals for seed dispersal

animals depend of plants for food

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Adaptations that Discourage animals from eating them

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spines on cactus, thorns on roses
smells - or poisons or
bad tastes which butterflies use to hide their eggs so that other species wont eat them

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mosses - Belong to Bryophyta

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seedless nonvascular plants;

grow close to the ground or on trees;
can absorb water & nutrients directly
rely on free-standing water for sperm to fertilize eggs

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ferns and club mosses

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seedless vascular plants

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cone-bearing and seed plants

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flowering plants

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All plants belong to what kingdom:

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Plantae Kingdom

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Three Non Vascular PHYLA

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1. Bryophyta - moss
2. Hepatophyta - liverworts
3. Anthocerophyta - hornworts

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Liverworts

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two forms:
1. thallose
2. leafy

live in damp environments; gets moisture directly from soil;

grow on wet rocks and flowerpots

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Hornworts

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found in tropical forests near streams

flat plant that grows low to ground with green stems rising above it

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sphagnum mosses

common moss used by humans

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does not decay when it dies, turns into peat

peat -can be used for fuel; it absorbs water so is used in diapers and bandages;

and can hold carbon in its organic form

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Carboniferous Period

Where Coal comes from?

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300 million years ago; enormous seedless vascular plants grew in swamps. Over time, the dead plants were pressed and heated underground and turned into coal - why coal is called fossil fuel)

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phylum lycophyta

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clusb mosses - modern seedless vascular plants

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phylum pterophyta

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ferns - modern seedless vascular plants - survive best
grow in tropics

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seed plants

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can reproduce without free-standing water; can grow in a pot and water yourself;

protective coating containd embryo and food supply

can survive in this state for years

wind and animals transport seeds to fertilize

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gymnosperm

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seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed in fruit

pine trees

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angiosperm - phylum Anthophyta

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seed plant enclosed in a fruit or flower

like
peach tree ; rose bush

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Three Living Phyla

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1. cycads - palm trees
2. ginkgo biloba - used in landscaping
3. conifers - pine trees

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To types of Flowering Plants

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1. dicots
2. monocots - one seed- lily, grasses, irises;
corn, wheat, rice

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Three Types of Lifespans for Plants

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1. annual - die in a year
2. biennial - two years - carrots (veggie grows underground)
3. perennial - lives for more than two years

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botany

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study of plants

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monocots

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veins inleaves are parallel
flower parts are usually in multiples of 3
vascular bundles in stem are scattered
wood and bar are not common

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dicots

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veins inleaves are netlike
flower parts are usually in multiples of 4 or 5
vascular bundles in stem form a ring
wood and bar ARE common

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mesophyll

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tissue that makes plant leaves

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cell walls

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surround plant cells

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cellulose fiber

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what cell walls are made of

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eukaryotic

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have a nucleus

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chloraphill

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makes plants green

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plant stages

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1. fertilization

2. meioisis

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Fourth things plants need

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1. water
2. food
3. sunlight
4. air

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Bryophyes Lack

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vascular system

moss

dont grow tall because no lignin because no vascular system

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moss rhizoids

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anchor moss

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archegonia

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archegonium - a female sex organ occurring in mosses, ferns, and most gymnosperms

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antheridia

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Antheridia are the male portions of the moss plant. ...

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protonema

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spore germination in moss

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Function of Roots

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1. anchor plant
2. absorb and transport water
3. storage of food made by leaves

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Function of Stem

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1. support main body of plant and leaves
2. store water and food
3. make food when young plant

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Function of Leaves

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1. increase area for sunlight
2. gas exchange
3. transpiration of water

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flower parts

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sepal - carlyx
petal - corolla
stamen
pistil

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sepal - calyx

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green, leaf like

protects flower prior to opening

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petal - corolla

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protect reproductive parts
attract pollinators

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stamen

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male reproductive organ

1. pollen - contains pollen grain
2. anther - produces pollen
3. filament - holds anther up

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pistil

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female reproductive organ

1. stigma - pollen sticks to stigmna
2. style - supports stigma and aids pollination
3. ovules - turn into seeds
4. ovary - create eggs that become fruit
5. receptacle - point where flower joins stem

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Pollination

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pollen moves from the male (anther) parts to the female (stigma) parts.

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Example of Pollinatiors

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1. bees
2. animals
3. wind

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Double Fertilization

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pollen grains have sperm cells

polar nucleus has 2 sperms

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polar nucleus

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two sperm fertilizes and becomes
1. zygote (egg)
2. endosperm

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Function of Root Hairs

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absorb water and minerals from the soil

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Fuction of Meristem and Meristematic Tissue in Plant

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create new cells

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Function of Stomata

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Pores in cuticle where gas exchange occurs

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Stomata

When Do Stomata open and close

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open with SUNLIGHT

close - in darkness

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Turgrid Guard Cells

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open and close stamata

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Two Tissues in Plant Veins

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1. xylem

2. phloem

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Xylem

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carries water up from roots

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phloem

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carries food down

(flow)

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Transpiration

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release water vapor

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chloraphyll

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chemical synthesized in the leaf

reason it is green

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xylem vessel

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where water enters plants

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Stamen

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reproductive plant in angiosperms or flowering plants

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Seeds

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carried by
1. animals
2. wind
3. insects

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Hormones

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causes responses in plants that make them grow

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auxins

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Auxins are plant hormones that causes cell elongation, cell division

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cytokinens

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cytokinens - plant hormones that stimulate growth and development

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gibberellins

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plant hormones that
1. stimulate growth in the stem and leaves
2. trigger the germination of the seed and breaking of bud dormancy,
3. stimulate fruit development with auxin

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ethylene

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ethylene is vital for the
1. protection of plants against bacteria and fungi

2. protection against stress

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phototropism

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Phototropism is a plant's response to light

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Geotropism or Gravitropism

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geotropism - plants response to gravity

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thigmotropism

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Thigmotropism is the
directional response of a plant to when it makes contact with a solid object.