Biology: Plants

Front 1

What is free energy?

Back 1

The ability for a system to do work

Front 2

In a spontaneous change does the energy decrease or increase?

Back 2

Decrease

Front 3

Exothermic reaction ______ free energy and is ______

Back 3

Releases, spontaneous

Front 4

Endothermic reaction ______ free energy and is _______

Back 4

Absorbs, nonspontaneous

Front 5

Oxidation

Back 5

Substance loses an electron

Front 6

Reduction

Back 6

Substance gains an electron

Front 7

In respiration O2 is _____

Back 7

Reduced to H2O

Front 8

In respiration glucose is _____

Back 8

Oxidized to CO2

Front 9

Glycolysis

Back 9

Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

Front 10

Citric acid cycle

Back 10

Completes break down of glucose

Front 11

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 11

ATP synthesis

Front 12

Two phases of glycolysis

Back 12

Energy investment phase

Energy pay off phase

Front 13

Glycolysis occurs in the _____

Back 13

cytoplasm

Front 14

Citric Acid Cycle produces ____, ____, and _____

Back 14

ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Front 15

Respiration sequence

Back 15

Glucose ---> NADH ---> Electron transport chain ---> proton motive force ---> ATP

Front 16

In photosynthesis _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized

Back 16

CO2, H2O

Front 17

Light reactions happen in the _____

Back 17

Thylakoids

Front 18

Calvin Benson Cycle happens in the _____

Back 18

Stoma

Front 19

Four parts of the light reactions

Back 19

1) Splits H2O

2) Releases O2

3) Reduces NADP+ to NADPH

4) Produces ATP, ADP

Front 20

Calvin Benson cycle takes in _____ and releases _____

Back 20

CO2, and glucose

Front 21

Chloroplasts reflect what color light?

Back 21

Green

Front 22

_____ absorbs the light in the chloroplasts

Back 22

Granum

Front 23

3 stages of the Calvin Benson cycle

Back 23

1)Carbon fixation

2)Reduction

3)Regeneration of CO2 acceptor

Front 24

What do C3 plants do?

Back 24

Initiate fixation of CO2

Front 25

What do C4 plants do?

Back 25

Use compartmentalization to "pump" CO2

Front 26

Crassulacean Acid metabolism, causes plants to...

Back 26

Open stomata at night, and close stomata during the day

Front 27

What is a cuticle?

Back 27

Waxy layer to protect the plant, helps to keep water in and keep harmful substances out.

Front 28

Byrophytes are...

Back 28

Non-vascular plants

Front 29

Three types of byrophytes are...

Back 29

1)Liverworts

2)Hornworts

3)Mosses

Front 30

Two types of vascular plants are...

Back 30

1) Seedless

2) Seed

Front 31

Mosses live in what kind of enviroment?

Back 31

Wet, rainy

Front 32

Which is the larger generation?

Gameophytes or Sporophytes?

Back 32

Sporophytes

Front 33

The xylem does what?

Back 33

Moves water and minerals though the plant.

Front 34

The phloem does what?

Back 34

Moves sugars, amino acids and other organic products though the plant.

Front 35

What are two things roots do for plants?

Back 35

Anchor the plants and absorb water and nutrients

Front 36

Leaves do what for a plant?

Back 36

Increase the surface area to absorb more light energy.

Front 37

Microphylls are...

Back 37

Leaves with one single vein

Front 38

Megaphylls are...

Back 38

Leaves with a large branchlike vascular system

Front 39

Sporophylls are...

Back 39

Leaves with sporangia on them

Front 40

Homosporous production produces....

Back 40

A single bisexual spore that produces eggs and sperm

Front 41

Heterosporous production produces...

Back 41

Megaspores to produce eggs and microspores to produce sperm

Front 42

A seed consists of...

Back 42

An embryo surrounded by nutrients covered in a protective coat

Front 43

Megaspores give rise to...

Back 43

female gameophytes

Front 44

Microspores give rise to...

Back 44

male gameophytes

Front 45

The ovule consists of...

Back 45

Megasporangia, megaspore and protective integuments on the sporophyll

Front 46

Microspores develop into what?

Back 46

Pollen grains

Front 47

Do the sperm in gymnosperms and angiosperms have flagella?

Back 47

No.

Front 48

3 advantages of seeds?

Back 48

1) Remains dormant until conditions are right

2) Dispersed in a variety of ways - wind, water, animals

3) Stored food supply

Front 49

4 phyla of gymnosperms

Back 49

1) Cycadophyta

2) Gingkophyta

3) Gnetophyta

4) Coniferophyta

Front 50

Which phyla is the largest of the gymnosperms?

Back 50

Coniferophyta

Front 51

What are chytrids?

Back 51

Fungi that live in water, with flagellated spores.

Front 52

What are zygomycetes?

Back 52

Bread and fruit molds

Front 53

What are pilobolus?

Back 53

zygomycetes that point their sporangia toward the light.

Front 54

What are Glomeromycetes

Back 54

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Front 55

What are mycorrhizae?

Back 55

"fungus roots"

Front 56

Where do ectomycorrhizae fungi grow?

Back 56

around the roots of plants

Front 57

Where do endomycorrhizae fungi grow?

Back 57

Inside the roots, penetrating the cell wall of other plants

Front 58

What are ascomycetes?

Back 58

Live in water, produce saclike asci containing ascocarps, "sac fungi"

Front 59

What are basidiomycetes?

Back 59

mushrooms, puffballs and shelf fungi, decomposers of wood

Front 60

What do mycorrhizae do for other plants?

Back 60

Increase plant productivity

Front 61

What does fungi do for animals?

Back 61

Helps break down plant material

Front 62

Three anions in soil

Back 62

1) Nitrate

2)Phosphate

3)Sulfate

Front 63

Three Cations in soil

Back 63

1)Magnesium

2)Calcium

3)Potassium

Front 64

Anions leach out of soil into ground water

True or false?

Back 64

True

Front 65

3 things in fertilizers?

Back 65

1)Nitrogen

2)Phosphorus

3)Potassium

Front 66

A deficiency of a mobile nutrient does what?

Back 66

Affects older organs rather than young ones

Front 67

A deficiency of a less mobile nutrient does what?

Back 67

Affects younger organs than old ones

Front 68

Define Transcription regulation

Back 68

transcription factors control transcription of genes

Front 69

Define post-translational modification

Back 69

activation of existing proteins in signal response

Front 70

Hormones cause what?

Back 70

Tropisms

Front 71

The auxin hormone does what?

Back 71

Cell elongation

Front 72

Cytokinins do what?

Back 72

stimulate cell division and differentiation

Front 73

Gibberellins do what?

Back 73

Stem elongation, fruit growth and germination

Front 74

Brassinosteriods do what?

Back 74

induce cell elongation and division in plants

Front 75

Abscisic acid does what? (ABA)

Back 75

Seed dormancy and drought tolerance

Front 76

Plants produce _______ in response to stress

Back 76

Ethylene gas

Front 77

Plants also produce ethylene gas when?

Back 77

Fruit ripening

Front 78

Blue light photoreceptors control what three things

Back 78

1)hypocotyl elongation

2)stomatal opening

3)phototropism

Front 79

Red light photoreceptors control what

Back 79

Seed germination, Shade avoidance, time of day/seasons

Front 80

Thigmotropism is

Back 80

growth in response to touch, vines growing up a stick