Biology: Phylogeny

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Phylogeny

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Looking of shared traits

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Phylogenic tree

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representation of phylogeny which depicts history of species, populations and genes

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Clade

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a group of descendants from a common ancestor
(can be found at terminal branches of a phylogenic tree)

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Sister species

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2 species that are each other's closest relatives

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Deleterious mutation

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Harmful mutation which often results in disease

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Heterosis

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Having one recessive defective allele and another normal allele

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Species

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A group of organisms with similar characteristics that actually or potentially breed

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Taxon

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Any group of species that we designate or name (i.e. vertebrates)

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Name the Biological Hierarchy

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1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
(a) subphylum
3. Class
4. Order
(a) superfamily
5. Family
(a)subfamily
(b) tribe
6. Genus
7. Species
(a) subspecies

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Systematics

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Science of looking @ evolutionary groups to create evolutionary classification systems. This groups organisms by much further than physical appearance.

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Taxonomy

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Grouping organisms based on morphological features.

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Morphological features

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Physical appearance

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Character vs. Trait

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Character is a feature and trait is a version of that feature. (i.e. eye color = character, brown eyes = trait)

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Adaptation

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A trait that allows organisms to respond favorably to an environmental condition, hence the organism survives and leaves copies behind of its genes.

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Evolution

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Changes in allele frequencies within a a population that allows a species to adapt to a changing environment.

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Shared traits

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Organisms within a group that have the same traits only within that group. (Also depends on how big that group is)

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Ancestral trait

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Trait present in the ancestor of a group.

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Derived Trait

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Trait found in a descendant that differs from the ancestral trait.

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Synapomorphy

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Phylogenetically useful derived trait

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Homologus Trait

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Trait derived from a common ancestor

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Homoplasy

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Trait derived independently by convergent or reversal evolutions