Biology-Photosynthesis Test

Front 1

ATP SYNTHESIS.PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 1

direct transfer of high energy phosphate group bond e- to ADP making ATP

Front 2

ATP SYNTHESIS.PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-oxidative phosphorylation

Back 2

bond energy from glucose drives chemiosmotic coupling of ADP+Pi to make ATP

Front 3

ATP SYNTHESIS.PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-Photo phosphorylation

Back 3

electromagnetic energy(light) "drives" chemiosmotic coupling of ADP+PI TO MAKE atp
e-(and bond energy) are supplied through the hydrolysis of h2o.

Front 4

where does photosynthesis occur

Back 4

chloroplasts

Front 5

photosynthesis is a two part process, describe the light reactions

Back 5

light reactions transform electromagnetic energy (light) into chemical energy -NADPH and ATP are products.

Front 6

photosynthesis is a two part process. describe the calvin cycle.

Back 6

use ATP and NADPH to couple co2 with a 5 carbon sugar ribulose-1.5-biphosphate-end product 3pga

Front 7

molecules that absorb light are called

Back 7

pigments

Front 8

the color of light least effective in driving photosynthesis in higher plants is

Back 8

green

Front 9

a new flower species has a unique photosynthetic pigment. the leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. what wavelenths of visible light are NOT being absorbed by this pigment.

Back 9

red and yellow

Front 10

visible light is electromagnetic energy in the..............nanometer range

Back 10

400-700

Front 11

what color of light would produce photons with the LOWEST ENERGY

Back 11

red

Front 12

in the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules

Back 12

to harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll

Front 13

the reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because

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this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm

Front 14

during a sunny day, assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the inside of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the outside (the stroma of the chloroplasts). this damage will have the most direct effect on which processes

Back 14

the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

Front 15

if a leaky thylakoid was the problem what product would no longer be produced?

Back 15

ATP

Front 16

during oxidative respiration glucose is oxidized which provides e-/protons to drive chemiosmosis. during photosynthesis what molecule is oxidized and provides e-/p+ to drive chemiosmosis.

Back 16

h2o

Front 17

plants have several different

Back 17

pigments

Front 18

name the pigments plants have

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chlorophyll-a
chlorophyll-b
carotenoids
others

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absorbance spectrum

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absorbance measured and indiv. wavelengths.
plotted over range of wavelength
can determine max and min absorbance
absorb vs. reflectance

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action spectrum

Back 20

photosynthesis activity vs. absorbance

Front 21

where does the calvin cycle occur

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stroma

Front 22

output of calvin cycle

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sugar

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CO2

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200 billion tons of co2 is reduced to biomass each year.
-40% from marine phytoplankton

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ATP & nadph generated during light reactions are used in

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stroma to fix co2

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almost all photosynthetic organisms use

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Calvin cycle

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three steps of the Calvin cycle

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1.carboxylation
2. reduction
3. regeneration

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carboxylation

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co2 pulled out of air
-co2+ribulose-1.5-biphosphate (RUBP)
-enzyme- ribulous biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
-rubisco
-big negative so never runs in reverse
-40% of soluable protein in cell.

Front 28

regeneration

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takes part of molecule and puts it back to start

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reduction

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use a lot of ATP and NADPH
-gains e-

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in green plants the primary function of the calvin cycle is to

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synthesize simple sugars *triose" from co2

Front 31

what is true of the enzyme RUBISCO

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it participates in the calvin cycle
it catalyzes a carboxylation reaction
it has an affinity co2

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the calvin cycle can be divided into three phases. the phase where new ribulose w.5 biphosphate molecuse are sythesized to replace the RuBP that is used during the intiial phase of the cycle is

Back 32

regeneration

Front 33

druing photosynthesis, the e-and p+ that used to reduce c02 to produce triose sugars ultimately come from

Back 33

h2o

Front 34

the major reason why Mendel was so successful was

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easy to grow plants
mathematician b4 experiments
used true breeding traits each ind. from the other

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the location of the gene on the chromosome is called the

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locus

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the two possible expressions of plant height Tall (T) and dwarf (t) are

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alleles

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what was known during mendels time periodd

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hybrid plants with the same two kinds of parents were similar

when hybrid offspring were self fertilized their offspring showed a variety of traits

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principal of segregation

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-alleles(expressions of a trait)seperate b4 gametes (sex cells) are formed
-alleles are not mixed or blended(law of segregation
-segregation due to separation of homologeneous chromosomes during meiosis

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trait

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color height smooth/wrinkle possible expression of trait

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locus

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chromosomal location of gene-dominant (expressed allele)

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DIHYBRID CROSS
-Independant assortment

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assumes diff loci on non homologous chromosomes
loci of non homo chromosomes will be randomly distributed

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DYHYBRID CROSS

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occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis
calculation of possible gametes

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what happens during meiosis

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original cell>alleles replicate>random assortment(prophase 1)

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dyhibrid phenotype

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9:3:3:1

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Linked genes

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the linear order of genes on the same chromosome can be calculated

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Tt Gg Ww

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TGW TGw TgW Tgw tGW tgW etc.

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what determines sex in humans

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x&y

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x and y chromosomes are not

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equivelent

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x-linked characteristics

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albinism

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incomplete dominance

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neither allele is dom and pheno is intermidiate

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codominance

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both allele are expressed and pheno is a mixture of the two

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multiple alleles

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more than two alleles possible

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pleiotrophy

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influence of one gene over man characters. cause many genetic diseases

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epistasis

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direct influence of one gene on another

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polygenes

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multigenic (height,yield,eye color)

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hybrid vigor
-inbreeding

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inbreeding (related reproduce leading to negative results

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hybrid vigor
-outbreeding

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hybrid vigor (offspring produce more than both parents)
heterozygote advantage-sickle cell anemia
-single base>1 amino acid>hemoglobin in red blood cell affects oxy binding

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CELL DIVISION

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- cells divide to produce new cells to:
-heal, reproduce,grow,replace damaged cells

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reproductive cell division
-ASEXUAL

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make exact copies of cells
no genetic variation
doesn't need two parents

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reproductive cell division
-sexual

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introduces variability into a population

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chemiosmotic theory

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-theory how atp is generated
-electro chemical gradient provides energy for coupling of phosphates to adp
-put energy releases as H protons flow through channel in atp
--like h2o through an electrical turbine

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anaerobic respiration

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-involves transfer of e- from glucose to nadh
-in absense of oxy
-involves e- transport system
-major difference is terminal e- acceptor
--some inorganic substances
---yeild is 2:36 atps

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catabolism of protiens

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proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids
-amino acids are deaminated (fed into glycolysis and citric acid cycle

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catabolism of fats

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fats are hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids
-glycerol undergoes further reaciton and enters glycolysis
-fats under go beta oxidation and enter citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

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fermentation

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occurs in absence of oxy
pathway starts with glycolysis
end product of glycolysis(pyruvate) is reduced to some product(many-depends on organism)::lactid acid, ethyl alcohol

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pyruvate

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02>acytle CoA>krebs cycle
NoO2>naDH+ hydrogen>

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anabolism

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-synthesis
-cells simplify processes by using many of the same substrates and enzymes of catabolism
-many anabolic pathways are cataboic pathways ran backwords

Front 68

total number of atps generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells

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36

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the electrons transferred from NADH +H+ and FADH2 to the e- transport system are

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-used to create an electrochemical gradient
-moved from one protein to another due to differences in redox(midpoint)potential
-generate atp(ultimately)

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anerobic respiration

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-takes place in absence of oxy
-uses an inorganic substance like no3- as a terminal e- acceptor
-is associated with prokarytic cells

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the electrochemical potential that is generated during electrol transport comes from e- (h=h+ +e-) that were harvested during

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-glycolosis
-citric acid cycle
-oxydation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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ocidative respiration is said to be a REDOX process in which something is oxidized and something to reduced. in the equation for oxidation respiration. which molecule is being oxidized?

Back 72

c6h12o6

Front 73

as protons flow through the atp synthase enzyme....is being expressed

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kinetic energy

Front 74

amino acids are processed enzymatically before entering either glycolysis or the citric acid cycle as substrates:the processing involves

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the removal of the amino group nh2, deamination

Front 75

lipid molecules can also be metabolized in the oxadative repiratory pathways. lipids are :split: into ___&___

Back 75

glycerol, fatty acids

Front 76

a portion of the resulting molecules from #8 are further processed to acetylcoA by beta-oxidation

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fatty acids

Front 77

the process using an electrochemical gradient that accumulated across a membrane to generate

Back 77

chemosmosis

Front 78

in green plants, the primary function of the calvin cycle is to

Back 78

to synthesize simple sugars (triose) from carbon dioxide

Front 79

what is true of the enzyme RUBISCO

Back 79

-it participates in the calvin cycle
-it catalyzes a carboxylation reaction
-it has an affinity co2

Front 80

the calvin cycle can be divided into 3 phases. the phase where new ribulose 1.5 biphosphate molecules aer synthesized to the RuBP that is used during the initial phase of the cycle is

Back 80

regeneration

Front 81

during photosynthesis, the e- and p+ that used to reduce carbon dioxide to produce triose sugars, ultimatel come from which molecule

Back 81

h2o

Front 82

the two possible expression of plant height are

Back 82

alleles