Biology Organization, Chemistry, And Cell Structure

Front 1

What five characteristics classify organisms as "Living"?

Back 1

Organized, Acquire Materials and Energy, Respond to their environment, Reproduce and Develop, Adapt.

Front 2

What is the basic organizational structure for life?

Back 2

Cell, Tissue, Organs, Organ Systems, and The Body.

Front 3

Describe in order the complete organizatinal structure for both animals and plants.

Back 3

Small Molecules, Large Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Oxygen System, Complex Organism.

Front 4

What is an adaptation?

Back 4

Genetic or behavior modifications that make an organism better suitedfor its environment.

Front 5

Ecology continues the organization beyond the body. What are the levels of Ecology?

Back 5

Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere.

Front 6

Life is both uniform and diverse. Explain what this means.

Back 6

Uniformity reflects a common ancestor, and diversity has arisen through evolution as species become more and more adapted to their environments.

Front 7

What are the three domains of Taxonomy?

Back 7

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Front 8

What is a similar characteristic between Archaea and Bacteria?

Back 8

They are both comprised of prokaryotes (meaning before nucleus)

Front 9

Eukarya consists of eukaryotes (with nucleus). What are the four groups?

Back 9

Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and Protista.

Front 10

What are the steps for the scientific method?

Back 10

Obervation/Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment, Analysis, and Conclusion.

Front 11

Atoms are composed of what three particles?

Back 11

Protons(positive), Neutrons(neutral), and Electrons(negative)

Front 12

Protons and Neutrons are located where in an atom?
Where are electrons located?

Back 12

Protons and neutrons are in the Nucleus. Found in the orbitals surrounding the nucleus.

Front 13

What is the difference between Atomic Number and Atomic Mass?

Back 13

Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic Mass is the overall weight of the protons and neutrons.

Front 14

What is an Isotope?

Back 14

Atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers. (For example Carbon 12, 13, and 14.)

Front 15

What is an Ion? What is the difference between an Cation and an Anion?

Back 15

An Ion is a charged particle. A Cation is a positively charged ion because it has more protons than electrons. An Anion is a negatively charged ion because it has more electrons than protons.

Front 16

What is a compound? Give an example.

Back 16

A compound is a combination of two or more elements. An example is table salt. Which is comprised of Sodium a soft grey metal and Chloride a gas. Mixed is Sodium Chloride.

Front 17

How many electrons can be held if the first three outer shells of an atom?

Back 17

Inner shell is two. Second shell is 8. Third shell is 8.

Front 18

Atoms are most "happy" when?

Back 18

When their outer shell is full.

Front 19

What are the three types of Bonds?

Back 19

In order from strongest to weakest: Covalent (share electrons), Ionic (steal an electron) and Hydrogen (a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom).

Front 20

What is the difference between Reduction Reaction and Oxidation Reaction? What is a Redox Reaction?

Back 20

Reducton Reaction is the addition of electrons. The Oxidation Reaction is the removal of electrons. A Redox Reaction is when one compound is oxidated and the other one reduced is charge not electrons.

Front 21

What four elements make up 96% of living matter?

Back 21

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon. (HONC)

Front 22

Why is water ideal of life? List 6 reason.

Back 22

Its polar, has hydrogen bonds between molecules, has a high specific heat (takes a lot of energy to change temp.), has a high heat of vaporization, less dense as solid (very important especially with the ocean), and is a good solvent.

Front 23

As a result of Hydrogen bonding water molecules can do what two things? Also, Define Capillary Action.

Back 23

Hold on to each other (cohesion), and holds on to other surfaces (adhesion). Capillary Action is when water will move up a tube on its own. Very important for blood flow and how a plant receives its nutrition.

Front 24

Define Hydrophillic and Hydrophobic.

Back 24

Hydrophillic is a compound that "likes" water and will dissolve it it for example salt or sugar. Hydrophobic is a compound that is is "afraid" of water and won't dissolve like fats and oils.

Front 25

Most elements are found in an ionic state. Describe what an acid and a base will release when exposed o water.

Back 25

An acid will release protons in water. A base will release hydroxide ions.

Front 26

What is the function of a buffer?

Back 26

A buffer accepts or releases protons as necessary to keep pH constant. Most biological buffers are a combination of a weak acid and a weak base.

Front 27

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. What is 0, 7, and 14?

Back 27

0 is the strongest acid (example battery acid), 7 is neutral (example pure water), 14 is the strongest base (example drain cleaner)

Front 28

Cells requies a pH of 6-8. How is this regulated in a human body?

Back 28

Breathing. CO2 regulates the pH level of blood.

Front 29

What is a Macromolecule?

Back 29

A macromolecule is a Polymer made up of many small Monomers. (Macro=Large, Poly=Many, and Mono=One)

Front 30

A compound is considered Organic if it contains carbon. What are the four main Organic Molecules?

Back 30

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid.

Front 31

Carbohydrates are made up of sugars. What is the main monomer?

Back 31

Glucose which is a six sided sugar.

Front 32

Carbohydrates polymers are made from sugar monomers. What are the three main biological carbohydrate polymers made from glucose?

Back 32

Starch (plant), Cellulose (plant), and Glycogen (animal)

Front 33

Starch is a food storage molecule that can be broken down for what?

Back 33

Energy.

Front 34

Cellulose is a polymer that is used as structural support of a cell wall. Humans cannot digest cellulose give an example of one kind.

Back 34

Fiber.

Front 35

Glycogen is a stored energy source that is found where in the human body?

Back 35

The liver and muscles.

Front 36

What are the organic compound Lipids also known as?

Back 36

Fats, which are hydrophobic.

Front 37

What are the three forms of Lipids?

Back 37

Fatty Acids (long chains of Carbon and hydrogen) can be saturated and unsaturated, Triglycerides (1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids) used to store energy, and Phospholipids (1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate) main component of membranes.

Front 38

What is unique about Phospholipids, so that they can be used to form cell membranes?

Back 38

They have a hydrophobic bottom and a hydrophillic top, which creates a barrier.

Front 39

The Organic compound Protein are polymers constructed of monomers called what?

Back 39

Amino Acid.

Front 40

What is denaturation of a protein?

Back 40

It is the change in the shapeof a protein usually caused by the loss of function caused by changes in environment. Such as pH, temp., and salt concentration.

Front 41

Nucleic Acids are made up from Polymers of what?

Back 41

Nucleotides.

Front 42

List two examples of Nucleic Acids.

Back 42

DNA, RNA

Front 43

What are the five Nucleotides in DNA and RNA?

Back 43

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U).

Front 44

What is the difference in nucleotide make up between DNA and RNA?

Back 44

DNA consists of (AGTC) ALWAYS in that order. RNA consists of (ACUC). A & T, or A & U always bond. and G & C always bond.

Front 45

DNA and RNA provide the instructions for a _____ to perform its job in the cell.

Back 45

Protein.

Front 46

What are the three aspects to the cell theory?

Back 46

All organisms are composed of cells, cells are the smallest living things, and cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

Front 47

What are the two instruments used to see cells?

Back 47

Light Microscope, and Electron Microscope.

Front 48

What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells? Give an example of each.

Back 48

Prokaryotic cells have one compartment (Bacteria), and Eukaryotic cells have many (Animal or Plant Cell).

Front 49

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

Back 49

To separate the different compartments.

Front 50

What are the three things that plant cells have that animal cell don't?

Back 50

A cell wall, Vacoule, and Chloroplast (used for photosynthesis)

Front 51

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Back 51

It is the Brain. Stores most of the DNA and has a double membrane.

Front 52

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 52

There are two types the Smooth and the Rough ER. The Smooth ER makes Lipids. The Rough ER makes Proteins, and is covered with Ribosomes.

Front 53

What is the function of a Ribosome?

Back 53

It produces Proteins using RNA. Can be found on the Rough ER or floating through the cytosol.

Front 54

Found only in plants what is the purpse of Chloroplasts?

Back 54

Contains some DNA and where photosynthesis occurs.

Front 55

What does the Mitochondria do?

Back 55

It is the power plant and breaks down sugar into chemical energy.

Front 56

What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 56

It is the Packaging and Shipping area for proteins to either get modified or just put a shipping label on it and send it to its destination.

Front 57

Found only in animal cells what do Lysosomes do?

Back 57

It is the stomach. Digests food, pathogens, and old organelles as needed.

Front 58

Found only in plant cell what is the purpose of the Vacuole?

Back 58

Contains 90% of the cells water and also where waste is stored. If a plant goes unwatered, the Vacuole will sag and cause the plant to droop.

Front 59

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Back 59

It is the skin. Keeps everything in the cell together and also everything must cross it in order to get inside the cell.

Front 60

What is Cytoplasm?

Back 60

It is everything from the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane. The liquid and the organelles.

Front 61

What is the Cytoskeleton?

Back 61

Network of Protein fibers throughout the cell. For support and movement.

Front 62

What are the three types of Cytoskelteon?

Back 62

Microtubules (main support), Microfilaments (movement), and Intermediate Filaments (Glue, holds everything together)

Front 63

Found only in plant cells what is the function of the cell wall?

Back 63

Support of the plant along with the vacuole, a barrier.

Front 64

Describe Extra Cellular Matrix.

Back 64

Animal version of a cell wall. Can be used for signaling between cells. A Blood Cell is an example of weak matrix. A Nerve Cell is an example of a strong matrix.

Front 65

Found only in plants what is thePlasmodesmata.

Back 65

It allow for communication betweens cells to occur. It links all cells together, and is a source of vulernerability.

Front 66

What are the three different points of contact for an animal cell?

Back 66

Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions. (Tight Junctions make no fluid transport possilbe, and Desmosomes make fluid transport possible, Gap Junctions (Molecular Transport possible).