Biology Of Stds/immune System

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1. Know the function of the following parts of the male reproductive anatomy: Testis

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producing sperm (spermatozoa)
• producing male sex hormones of which testosterone is the best-known
secret androgens

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2. epididymis

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connects to tube goes to ejaculation duct tube -sperm cells mature

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3. vas deferens

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carries sperm out in anticipation of ejaculation.
During ejaculation the smooth muscle in the walls of the vas deferens contracts reflexively, thus propelling the sperm forward. This is also known as peristalsis. The sperm is transferred from the vas deferens into the urethra, collecting secretions from the male accessory sex glands such as the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and the bulbourethral glands, which form the bulk of semen.

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4. ejaculatory duct

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closes at orgasm all glands release fluids travels into eurthera euther travels out of body...carries sperm to the urthera

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5. Seminal Vesicles

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release fluids w/ sperm fluids that releases rich in nutrients

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6. Prostate Gland

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, release prostate fluid milky neutralize acideic fluid ph of vagina

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7. Bulbourethral Gland

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Gland (Cowper’s gland), scretes clear fluid, responsible for pre ejaculation

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8. urethra

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the pathway in which urine travels as well as sperm through the penis. connects to urinary bladder, unrinary connects to kidneys-closes when sexually excited can’t go to the bathroom

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9. corpus cavernosa

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fills with blood-why you get hard at urethra...While the corpus cavernosa become very solid, to form the support for the penis,

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10. corpus spongiosum

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the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis...prevents compression

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11. penis-

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male reproductive organ- containing all the aforementioned items-the organ responsible for carrying sperm cells to the female urethra is inside penis

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13. ovary

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egg development when born has 700,000 eggs-immature females born w/ eggs they will always have ovary produce estrogen proestrogen

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14. fallopian tube (uterine tube

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connected to ovary finger like proflirates released egg goes down fallopian tube to utereus-passage way that eggs enter into after release from the ovaries

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15. uterus

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It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation.-muscular organ in the pelvic area the inner lining called the endometrium thickens with blood and tissue in anticipation of a feriziled egg

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16. cervix

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(opens into vagina) is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall. Opens up into vagina.

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17. vagina

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is responsible for uterine secretions, sexual activity, g-spot, and childbirth. The sperm cells which are received in the Vagina then pass through the cervic and uterus into the fallopian tubes where fertilization occurs

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18. Bartholian glands

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, are two glands located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina. They secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males.

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19. urethra

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where girls release their urine out of emerges above vaginal opening

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20. clitoris

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The clitoris is the location of the female orgasm; it is not associated with menstruation, urination or reproduction. Covered with fore skin

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21. vestibule

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Vestibule: Its function is to contribute significantly to heighten sexual arousal, as it is an area that is highly sensitive to stimulation, especially by the tongue. ) is a part of the vulva between the labia minora into which the urethral opening and the vaginal opening open. The vagina opens into the vestibule about which lie the external genitalia, collectively known as the vulva. The vestibule of the vagina is the cleft between the labia minora into which the urethra and vagina open.

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22. Hymen

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tissue covers opening of vagina

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23. labia major

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outer lips of vagina...The labia majora are called large lips and functions in enclosing and offering protection to the other external female reproductive organs. Structure wise, they are large and fleshy and can be compared to the scrotum of males.

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24. labia minor

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inner lips...The main function of the external reproductive system is that it permits sperms to enter the woman�s body. Its other function lies in protecting the internal structures of the female reproductive system from any infectious organisms

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25. mons pubis

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The mons pubis contains oil-secreting (sebaceous) glands that release substances that are involved in sexual attraction (pheromones). Also protects pubic bone The mons pubis is an area of fat (this is normal to have) and skin with hair that is the uppermost part of your external genital area called the vulva. Its function is to serve as a protection for the bladder along with the pubic bone. It also makes up part of your pelvic area.

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testosterone

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n men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass and hair growth.[2] In addition, testosterone is essential for health and well-being[3] as well as preventing osteoporosis.[4]

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gonadotropin releasing hormone

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released in hypothalamus goes to pitutory gland releases f54-follicule stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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28. , follicle stimulating hormone- FSH

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regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and Luteinizing hormone (LH) act synergistically in reproduction.-cause over to begin to allow the egg to develop

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29. luteinizing hormone

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this hormone acts with FSH to allow egg to develop it also triggers ovulation

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30. estrogen-egg

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begins to produce estrogen They promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle.

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31. Progesterone

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The main function of progesterone which in conjuction with estrogen stimulate the growth of a cushion lining in the uterus where the fertilized egg can grow and develop into a b.aby and help the breast make milk. They continue to regulate the build up of tissue in the endometrium and inhibit contractinos of the uterus

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human chorionic gonadotropin

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Human chorionic gonadotropin interacts with the LHCG receptor and promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy, causing it to secrete the hormone progesterone

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33. What part of the brain secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)?

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pitutory gland/hypothalamus not sure probably pituitary

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34. GnRH causes the pituitary gland in the brain to release what other 2 female hormones?

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F54-follicule stimulation hormone and LH-luteinizing hormone

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35. These two hormones cause primary follicles to develop. What two hormones does the primary follicle then produce in order to stop further primary follicles from developing in the ovary?

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Estrogen and progesterone but ask if u can

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36. A sudden spike in which two hormones causes the ovary to release a developed egg?

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? LH and FSH I think ask

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37. What is the release of the developed egg from the ovary called?

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Ovulation

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38. What effect does estrogen and progesterone have on the endometrium lining of the uterus?

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It makes it thicken

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What happens to the endometrial lining if fertilization of an egg does not occur?

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It gets shed (blood)

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What is this called?

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Menstrual period

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41. If fertilization of an egg does occur, what hormone is produced by the fertilized egg (also called the pregnancy hormone)

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HCG-human Chorionic Gonadatrope

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What effect does this hormone have on the corpus luteum of the ovary?

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Causes it not to degnerate

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43. What hormone produced by the corpus luteum keeps the endometrial lining from sloughing off so the pregnancy can continue?

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HCG

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44. Which of the following methods of birth control would give the most protection against an STD – condom, IUD, diaphragm, pill?

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Condom is only one that can prevent stds

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45. The CDC has developed an STD prevention strategy that covers five major concepts. What are the five concepts of this plan?

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1. Education and counseling of persons at risk on ways to adopt safer sexual behavior 2. Identifcation of infected persons-with or without symptoms-unlikely to seek diagnostic and treatment services 3. Effective diagnosis and treatment of infected persons 4. Evaluation, treatment and counseling of sex partners of persons who are infected with an STD 5. Pre-exposure vaccination of persons at risk for vaccine-preventable STDs

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46. What are the 2 most reliable methods for an individual to avoid becoming infected with an STD?

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1. Abstain from sexual intercourse 2. Be in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with an uninfected partner

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47. Place the following activities as an extremely low risk activity, low risk activity, or high risk activity

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mutual masturbation-extremely low risk activity

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48. intercourse without a condom-

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high risk

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49. fellatio without a condom

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low risk

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50. vaginal sex with a condom

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extremely low risk activity

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51. cunnilingus without a dental dam.

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Low risk (according to the class handout on risk behaviors)

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52. What is the definition of a antimicrobial chemotheraputic drug?-

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a drug that can target a specific unwanted microbe in your body-divided into 4 catagories 1. Antibiotics 2. Antivirals. 3 anti-fungal and 4 anti protezoan

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53. Is an antibiotic an example of such a drug?

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yes

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54. What types of microbes(bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoans) would the antibiotic penicillin be effective against?

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bacteria

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55. Why is it only effective against this group of microbes?

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Because it targets the peptidoglycan which makes up the cell wall in a bacteria, other microbes do not have this therefore it would not be effective against it.

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56. Give four properties that would be associated with an ideal antimicrobial chemotherapeutic drug.

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1. Selective toxicity 2. Fast action 3. Easy to take 4. Cheap 5. Non allergeic 6. Stay in body 7. No side effects

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57. Doxycycline (an antibiotic) is recommended as a treatment for Chlamydia infection (caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis). How does this drug kill bacteria?

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It kills it by specifically targeting the ribosome production in chlamyida- there is no peptidoglycan in chlamyida so it would not be effective doxycycline effects 70s ribosomes

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58. Would it be effective as a treatment for Trichomonasis (caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis)?

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No because it does not have 70 s ribosomes

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59. Why or why not?

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Because does not have 70 s ribosome’s is given a drug called metrenidazole which actually does effect the waay proteins are put together but not the ribosomes

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60. Would it be an effective treatment for genital warts?

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No because genital warts is caused by HPV a virus

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61. Why or why not?

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antibiotics do not work in preventing Viruses

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62. What STD would acyclovir be effective against?

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It would be effective against several viral stds including herpes simplex

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63. What is meant by drug resistance in microbes?

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A tendency, usually by genes transfer through the sex pili for a microbe to become resistant to a certain drug.

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64. Which STDs are most associated with drug resistant infections

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Gonorehea

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HIV/AIDS or Herpes?-

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hiv you usually have to be given a cocktail of drugs because hiv otherwise will very quickly become resistnat

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66. When referring to drug resistance, who becomes resistant – the microbe or the person?

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The microbe

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67. What is a resistance plasmid?

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Any of the conjugative or nonconjugative plasmids carrying genes responsible for antibiotic or antibacterial drug resistance among bacteria. Also called resistance factor,

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68. Are they found in bacteria or viruses?

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bacteria

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69. Why are patients diagnosed with gonorrhea often given combination therapy using a cephalosporin, along with doxycycline?

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1. Because they are also treating you for a possible Chlamydia infection (think back to question 11)

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70. HIV therapy often involves combination therapy (HAART) using combinations of four different classes of antiviral drugs specific against HIV. What are the four classes of drugs effective against HIV?

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1st non-nucleoside reverse transcripte inhibitors 2nd nucleoside reverse transcripte inhibitors 3rd protease inhibitors 4th fuision inhibitors

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71. Why have physicians moved to using this combination therapy?

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? Because hiv is notorious for becoming resistant to these drug so we give 1 of each class hoping it won’t become resistant to any of them

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72. What are three ways we as individuals or as a society could slow down the increase in drug resistant microbes?

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1. Stop prescribing drugs to people ethat don’t need it. 2. Do not stop taking antibiotic because you feel better. 3. Don’t share antibiotics. 4. Don’t put antibiotics in animal feed

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73. Give 5 examples of physical and chemical barriers that act as our first lines of defense

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1. intact skin 2. Muccos membraine 3. Cilia 4. Eye tears 5. Stomach high acid 6. Urine

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74. What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

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Nuetrophil-65%, lymphocyes 25%, eosinophil 3%, monocyte 5%, Basophil .59%

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Which are phagocytic?

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Nuetrophil and monocytes funciton primarily as phagocytes

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Which are involved directly in the specific immune response?

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This involves various WBCs called lymphocytes or leukocytes...all white blood cells i guess

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77. What is phagocytosis?

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A phagocyte is a cell that can do phagocyytosi it is the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or "food vacuole." The phagosome is usually delivered to the lysosome, an organelle involved in the breakdown of cellular components, which fuses with the phagosome.

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78. What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

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Redness, swelling, heat and pain

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Give an example of an inflammatory mediator?

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histimine is big one others kinins, prostaglandine, and luekotrines

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What effect does an inflammatory mediator have on blood vessels?

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? Causes vasodilation become wider more blood flow becomes warmer

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What does an anti-inflammatory compound do?

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alleviate pain by counteracting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. On its own COX enzyme synthesizes prostaglandins, creating inflammation. In whole the NSAIDs prevent the prostaglandins from ever being synthesized, reducing or eliminating the pain.
Some common examples of NSAIDs are: aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. The newer specific COX-inhibitors, although probably sharing a similar mode of action, are not classified together with the traditional NSAIDs

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81. What is complement?

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Complement is a component of the non specific system it is a bunch of proteins that our present in our system is promotes inflammation 2nd contribution to complement 36 sticks to surface of microbe acts as handole for phago cyte. Also throws “little javelions” on bacteria

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82. How can complement be activated

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C1 activates them then then the subsequent ones activate each other . it can be activated by antibodies sticking to microbe

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Once activated, how does complement aid in the destruction of microbes?

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It acts as a handle for phagocyte and throws little javelions

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84. What is interferon?

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an antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus; inhibits replication of the virus . it binds ot nearby cells makies antivriul proteins will become to other viruses and cancer as well

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85. What are three properties that define the specific immune response (specificity, inducible, memory).

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Specificty only immune to disease you get. Incucible-only get an immunte response if ingected w. it. Memory will remember if you get sick.

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86. Compare natural immunity vs artificial immunity

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. Natural-you get sick immune system responds- nat, act. Mothers milk containing antibodies-nat passive. Artificial-vaccine-art active, inject antibodies-rare-act passive`

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Compare active immunity vs passive immunity.

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Draw backs to active-takes about a week for immune system to get going or have to get several shots. Draw backs for passive-no memory lasts 1-3 can be allergic to antibodies. Advantage to active-memory. Advantage to passive-works quickly

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88. How does Humoral (Antibody)-Mediated Immunity differ from Cell-Mediated Immunity concerning
intracellular or extracellular antigens.

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Humoral-extracellular. Cell mediated-intracellular.

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89. rype of cell involved Humoral

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- B lymphocyte uses antibodies. Cellmediated- T myphocyte

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how the response protects against the antigen? (short answer question)

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4 ways 1. stick to bacteria’s fimbre prevent bacteria from sticking to cells/wall. 2. Will cover virus w/ antibodies prvent virus from attaching. 3. Antibodies will stick to toxins bacteria release makes toxins innocuous. 4. Will bind bacteria together will activate complement. Antibody does not increase inflamatino but complement does activate it. 5. Antibody act as handles bind ot microbe helps phagocyte.

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91. What are examples of antigens?

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Pollen, virus, bavteria, toxins, tissue from other people, incomplete blood. Antigen is anything that activates your immune system.

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What are the MHC antigens?

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? a group of genes that control the expression of cell surface protein markers (also known as human leukocyte antigen or HLA markers) that determine receptor shape and allow immune cells to recognize components of the body (i.e., to distinguish "self" from "non-self"). MHC molecules are necessary for antigen presentation and for recognition of antigens by immune system cells. Each individual has one of a variety of genetically-determined MHC/HLA patterns. There are two classes of MHC molecules, MHC-I and MHC-II

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93. Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?

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Plasma B cells produce Antibodies against the antigen whereas memory B cells remembers the antigen so that it can be immediately destroyed upon encounter

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94. Give examples of lymphoid tissues.

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The thymus and the bone marrow constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid tissue provides the environment for the foreign or altered native molecules (antigens) to interact with the lymphocytes. It is exemplified by the lymph nodes, and the lymphoid follicles in tonsils, Peyer's patches, spleen, adenoids, skin, etc

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95. What is the function of the bone marrow

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Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells.

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thymus

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the only known function of the thymus is the production of T-lymphocytes (T cells

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97. lymph nodes

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? Looks in lymph fluid for any kind of microbes

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Spleen

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Look for microbes in blood

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99. What is lymph?

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Fluid that goes inside lymphatic vessel that had previously built up in tissues

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100. What is another name for a CD 4+ lymphocyte

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T helper cell

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What is its function?

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that play an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system. These cells are unusual in that they have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic) cells or pathogens, and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. Th cells are involved in activating and directing other immune cells, and are particularly important in the immune system. They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages. It is this diversity in function and their role in influencing other cells that gives T helper cells their name.

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What is a CD 8+ lymphocyte?

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belongs to a sub-group of T lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that are capable of inducing the death of infected somatic or tumor cells; they kill cells that are infected with viruses (or other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. Most cytotoxic T cells express T-cell receptors (TCRsn (microphotographs the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CD 8+) is on the top and a tumor cell is below it. After attaching to the tumor cell, the CTL releases perforins that cause the tumor cell to die (the kiss of death).)

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103. How does a T-dependent humoral (antibody) response develop?

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1. Macrophage captures, engulfs, and digests an antigen. 2. Macrophage presents a fragment of the antigen on its surface. 3. Interactions between proteins on the macrophage and helper t cell occur, activating the helper T cell. 4. Activated helper t cell proliferates into either th1 or th2 cells which separate different types of cytokines

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104. Give the role of APCs,-

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accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on its surface. T-cells may recognize this complex using their T-cell receptor (TCR). These cells process antigens and present them to T cells.

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T-Helper cells

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These cells are unusual in that they have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic) cells or pathogens, and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. Th cells are involved in activating and directing other immune cells,

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B cells

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lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system.

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and plasma cells

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- are white blood cells that produce large volumes of antibodies. They are transported by the blood plasma and the lymphatic system. Like all blood cells, plasma cells ultimately originate in the bone marrow; however, these cells leave the bone marrow as B cells, before terminal differentiation into plasma cells, which usually happens in lymph nodes.

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108. Give the role of IL-1

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- Both IL-1α and IL-1β are produced by macrophages, monocytes, fibroblasts and dendritic cells. They form an important part of the inflammatory response of the body against infection. These cytokines increase the expression of adhesion factors on endothelial cells to enable transmigration of leukocytes, the cells that fight pathogens, to sites of infection and re-set the hypothalamus thermoregulatory center, leading to an increased body temperature which expresses itself as fever. IL-1 is therefore called an endogenous pyrogen. The increased body temperature helps the body's immune system to fight infection. IL-1 is also important in the regulation of hematopoiesis. IL-1β production in peripheral tissue has also been associated with hyperalgesia (increased sensitivity to pain) associated with fever.[6]

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IL-2,-

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is an interleukin, a type of cytokine immune system signaling molecule, which is a leukocytotrophic hormone that is instrumental in the body's natural response to microbial infection and in discriminating between foreign (non-self) and self. IL-2 mediates its effects by binding to IL-2 receptors, which are expressed by lymphocytes, the cells that are responsible for immunity.

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MHC antigens

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MHC antigens count among the classical “immune” molecules. They act as platforms presenting antigenic peptides to the specific receptors on T cells.