Biology Of Microorganisms: Ch28-Immunity And Host Defense

Front 1

What is a leukocyte?

Back 1

a nucleated cell in blood, aka white blood cell.

Front 2

What is the portion of blood that is not have cells or clotting proteins?

Back 2

Serum

Front 3

What does the lymphatic system do?

Back 3

It is s separate circulatory system that drains lymph fluid from extravascular tissue.

Front 4

What exchange occurs in capillary beds?

Back 4

Leukocytes and solutes pass from blood into the lymphatic system.

Front 5

Lymph nodes contain a high concentration of what two things?

Back 5

1) lymphocytes
2) phagocytes

Front 6

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) contains what two things and interacts with what other two things?

Back 6

Contains:
1) lymphocytes
2)phagocytes

Interacts:
1)Antigens
2)Microoganisms

Front 7

What are specialized leukocytes involved exclusively in adaptive immune response?

Back 7

Lymphocytes

Front 8

What are two types of lymphocytes? And where do they originate and mature?

Back 8

1) B-cells: originate and mature in bone marrow
2) T-cells: originate in bone marrow, but mature in thymus

Front 9

Bone marrow + thymus = ?

Back 9

lymphoid organs

Front 10

Myeloid cells can be derived into what two categories?

Back 10

1) Antigen-presenting cells (APC's): engulf, process, and present antibodies to lymphocytes

2) Granulocytes:contain toxins or enzymes that are released to kill target cells

Front 11

Antigen-presenting cells include what three cells?

Back 11

1) monocytes
2) macrophages
3) dendritic

Front 12

What is innate immunity?

Back 12

(built in immunity) It is the noninducible, preexisting ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products.

Front 13

What is adaptive immunity?

Back 13

It is the acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products.

Front 14

After the first exposure to an antigen, what happens?

Back 14

A primary adaptive immune response stimulates growth and multiplication of antigen-reactive cells

Front 15

What are two T lymphocyte subsets?

Back 15

1)T-cytotoxic (Tc) cells:

2)T-helper (Th) cells:

Front 16

What do T-cytotoxic cells do?

Back 16

1) Recognize antigen presented by MHC 1 protein on an infected cell
2) Kill antigen-bearing target cells directly

Front 17

What do T-helpers cells do?

Back 17

1) Interact with peptide-MHC II complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
2) Act through cytokines to promote immune reactions

Front 18

What is the difference between the T helper cells 1 and 2?

Back 18

TH1: initiate inflammation and immunity by activating macrophages.

TH2: stimulate antigen-reactive B cells to produce antibodies.

Front 19

Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are soluble proteins made by what?

Back 19

Made by B cells in response to exposure to nonself antigens.

Front 20

What allows B cells to be successful in ingesting pathogens?

Back 20

B cells have antibodies on their cell surface that directly interact with antigens to cause B cells to ingest pathogens by phagocytosis.

Front 21

T/F: TH2 cells interact directly with pathogen.

Back 21

False. TH2 cells stimulate other cells like antigen-reactive B cells.

Front 22

What is the primary antibody response?

Back 22

When activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce soluble antibodies.

Front 23

What is the secondary antibody response?

Back 23

When subsequent exposure to the same region induces memory.

Front 24

How are antibodies distinguished one another?

Back 24

By their amino acid sequence.

Front 25

What two things can antibodies bind to and what is the purpose of this binding?

Back 25

Antibodies can bind to pathogens and toxins (active or inactive). They bind to provide a target to proteins of the complement system so they can lyse or opsonize the antigen.

Front 26

What are cytokines and chemokines?

Back 26

They are proteins and molecular mediators of inflammation

Front 27

What are the first to arrive at an infection and how are they attracted to they site?

Back 27

Neutrophils are the first to arrive at infection. They are attracted to the site by interleukins.

Front 28

What will happen if the inflammation doesn't localize the pathogen?

Back 28

The reaction becomes widespread and can lead to septic shock, a life threatening condition.

Front 29

What is the difference between Natural active immunity and Natural passive immunity.

Back 29

Natural Active Immunity: develops by acquiring an infection that initiates an adaptive immune response.

Natural Passive Immunity: develops through antibody transfer across the placenta or in breast milk.

Front 30

What is agammeglobulinemia?

Back 30

It is an immune deficiency where patients cannot produce antibodies because of genetic defects in their B cells.

Front 31

What is DiGeorge's syndrome?

Back 31

It is an immune deficiency and is a developmental defect that prevents maturation of the thymus and inhibits production of mature T cells.

Front 32

What is the difference between artificial active immunity and artificial passive immunity?

Back 32

Artificial active immunity: One is exposed to a controlled dose of a harmless antigen to induce formation of antibodies.

Artificial passive immunity: One is injected with an antiserum derived from an immune individual.

Front 33

Is immunization more effective with live cells/viruses or with dead/inactive cells?

Back 33

Immunization with live cells or virus is usually more effective.

Front 34

How can a secondary response and a higher antibody titer be produced?

Back 34

By a series of immunizations. ("booster")

Front 35

Name four different ways an immunization can be prepared that eliminate exposure to microbes.

Back 35

1) Synthetic peptides
2) Recombinant-vector vaccines
3) Recombinant-antigen vaccines
4) DNA vaccines

Front 36

What is hypersensitivity?

Back 36

It is an inappropriate immune response that results in host damage.
*Two kinds: immediate and delayed hypersensitivity.

Front 37

What is the difference between immediate and delayed hypersensitivity?

Back 37

Immediate: Allergy. Caused by release of vasoactive products from mast cells coated with IgE. Occurs within minutes after exposure.

Delayed: Cell-mediated hypersensitivity characterized by tissue damage due to inflammation responses produced by TH1 inflammatory cells. Symptoms occur after several hours.

Front 38

How does an autoimmune disease occur and result in?

Back 38

It occurs when T and B cells are reactivated to produce immune reactions against self-proteins.
It results in host tissue damage.

Front 39

What are superantigens?

Back 39

They are proteins capable of eliciting a very strong response because they activate more T cells than a normal immune response. They interact with TCRs and are produced by viruses and bacteria.