Biology Of Hort, Oregon State. Carreras

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Sigmordial growth curve

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The S0-shaped curve that develops when chart growth is charted over the plants development.

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Photosynthesis

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process at the heart of plant growth, occurs in leaves where radiant energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules.

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Essential Elements

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Molecules that play fundamental roles in plant development.

Potassium (K) Manganese (Mn)
Phosphorus (P) Zinc (Zn)
Calcium (Ca) Copper (Cu)
Magnesium (Mg) Boron (B)
Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl)
Iron (Fe) Molybdenum (Mo)

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Polycarpic Plants

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Plants that can go through an indefinite number of reproductive cycles.

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Monocarpic Plants

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Plants that undergo senescence and die after going through only one reproductive cycle.

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Annual (Summer & Winter)

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Summer: Germinate in the spring or early summer, grow vegetatively through summer, and produce seed and die in late summer or fall.

Winter: Germinate during autumn though late winter and into early spring.

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Biennial

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Normally, the plants require two growing seasons to complete their lifecycle.

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Woody Perennial

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Characterized by persistent, woody stems and roots.

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Herbaceous Perennial

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Grow vegetatively for a period of time, flower, and senesce, have vegetative buds that survive reproductive cycle located just below the soil.

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Bolting

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A rapid and striking elongation of the shoot axis of a plant. (The plant initiate flowering after this)

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Phenology

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Concerned with the occurrence (in time) of periodic events in the plants and animals in relation to climate and weather, and other ecological factors.

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Heat Summation (Degree Days)

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Attempts to quantify the relationship between temperature and rate of growth and development

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Differentiation

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The process that generates the various tissues and organs of the plant.

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Meristems

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A region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots and the cambium, consisting of actively dividing cells forming new tissue.

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Endogenous Regulation

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Development is a function of factors originating within the plant itself.

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Exogenous Regulation

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Occurs when progress from one stage of development to the next depends on exposure to fairly specific environmental conditions or signal.

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Chronology

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The elapsed time from a benchmark, such as amount of time between planting seeds and date of flowering.

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Chilling Hours

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Find

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Chilling

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Find

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Embryogenesis

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Embryo formation

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Double Fertilization

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Process during which two sperm cells from pollen grain travel into the ovule of a flower and separate fertilization events take place.

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Polar Nuclei

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Find Definition

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Haploid

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Half the number of chromosomes possessed by the pollen parent (father).

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Diploid

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individual with two sets of chromosomes

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Globular Stage

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Embryo is radially symmetrical

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Pollination

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Pollen landing on stigma.

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Fertilization

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Pollen lands on stigma, travels down style to ovule, and enters embryo sac where THIS occurs.

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Egg Cell

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Female haploid cell.

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Zygote

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Single-celled stage, highly active, diploid

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Testa

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Seed coat

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Radicle

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Root of embryonic plant.

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Plumule

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Shoot of embryonic plant.

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Cotyledon

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Seed leaves, differ from "true leaves" that develop on the plant.

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Endosperm

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Results from union of sperm cell and two polar nuclei.

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Hypocotyl

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Portion of shoot above cotyledons

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Hypogeous Germination

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Find definition

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Epigeous Germination (epi=above)

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Hypocotyl elongates and carries cotyledons above ground.

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Thermo-dormancy

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Temp above optimum inhibit germination & induce secondary seed dormancy.

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Primary Dormancy

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Factors arising normally during growth and development. (Present at time of dormancy.)

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Second Dormancy (Induced Dormancy)

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Exposed when seed is exposed to adverse conditions.

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Quiescence

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Remains dormant due to unfavorable conditions but would otherwise germinate.

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Hardseededness

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Impervious seed coats.

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Scarification

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Artificial means of weakening seed coats.

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After-ripening

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Time required in dry storage to break dormancy.

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Stratification (Warm and Cold)

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Pre-germination chilling

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Apoximis

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Formation of seeds without fertilization.

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Seed Priming

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Find definition

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Morphological Dormancy

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Rudimentary or undeveloped embryo.

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Physiological Dormancy

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Metabolic activity of mature embryo low due to "PIMs"

(Non-deep, intermediate and deep; Physiological inhibiting mechanisms.

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Activation

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FInd definition

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Photodormant

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Requires either light or dark.

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Shoot Apical Meristems (only includes apical dome)

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Extreme tip of shoot.

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Totipotency

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Ability to differentiate into any organ.

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Determinate

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Ends in tendrils, flowers, thorns, etc. (some structure other than continuous vegetative growth).

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Indeterminate

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Continually produces vegetatively (leaves or branches).

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Central Zone

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Source cells with infrequent division. Purpose is to maintain themselves.

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Peripheral Zone

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Most morphogenic area, small cells with rapid division, results in lateral organ formation.

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Rib Meristems Zone

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Centrally located, gives rise to stem tissue, transition between apical meristem and rest of plant.

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Phytomere

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Development unit consisting of one or more leaves, the node to which leaves are attached, the internode below the node, and one or more axillary buds.

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Phyllotaxy

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Arrangement of leaves around the stem.

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Alternate

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Leaves grow one at time and one at a time on differing sides of the branch.

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Opposite

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Leaves growing in the same spot on each side of a branch.

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Decussate

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Leaves grown at same spot, but angle upwards, rotating side one of the branch upwards, and then the other.

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Whorled

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Two leaves on one side, and one on the other. Then two leaves on the side that previously had one, and one on the side that previously had two.

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Auxin

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Transport involved in control.

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Tunica-corpus

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Composed of three histogenic layers, L1 L2 L3.

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Histogenic Layers

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Three layers of the tunica-corpus that are tissue producing.

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L1 L2 L3

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First of perpendicular to meristem surface.

Second two give rise to the internal tissue.

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Cytohistochemical Zonation

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Second organizational pattern superimposed on tunica-corpus organization.

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Plate Meristem

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Formation od lateral axis, forms most of leaf blade area.

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Marginal Meristem

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Formation of adaxial-abaxial axis.

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Adaxial Surface

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Upper surface that faces sun.

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Abaxial Surface

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Lower surface.

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Stomata

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Pores in leaf for gas.

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Epidermis

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Outermost layers of cells, includes other specialized cells.

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Palisade Mesophyll

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Contains most chlorophyll in leaf; site of photosynthesis.

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Spongy Mesophyll

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Fewer Chloroplasts; site of gas exchange.

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Guard Cells

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Pairs of cells that control the opening and closing of stomata, pore through which gases are exchanged.

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Fixed Growth (pre-form)

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Determinate, elongation of preformed shoots within a bud, single flush followed by resisting bud. *Terminal bud after elongation of compressed shoot within dormant buds. Number of phytomeres determined during previous growing season. Extreme spring conditions affect internode length, pre-form shoots are also short shoots. Mostly slow growing.

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Free Growth (neo-form)

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Indeterminate, shoot shoot elongation within bud followed by sustained initiation of leaves, often with heterophyllus shoots.

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Recurrent Growth

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Expansion of preformed shoot. Terminal bud set, more shoot expansion. Multiple flushes of growth depending on growing conditions.

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Determinate

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Not a lot of overlap between vegetative growth and reproductive growth.

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Indeterminate

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Continue vegetative growth simultaneously with reproductive growth.

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Early Leaves

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Present in resting buds, present in short and long shoots, and only leaves that short shoots have.

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Late Leaves

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Produced during the current growing season, after shoot expansion, only found in long shoots.

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Short Shoots

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Preform shoots.

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Long Shoot

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Find definition

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Heterophyllous

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Find definition

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Evergrowing

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Find definition

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Indetermitted/periodic

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Find definition

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Deciduous Periodic

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Find definition

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Evergreen Periodic

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Find definition

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Leaf Exchange Periodic

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Find definition

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Apical Control

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Uppermost shoots suppress subtending lateral branches and cause them to grow at an oblique angle. Effects are manifested throughout plant, throughout its lifecycle.

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Apical Dominance

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Complete inhibition of lateral buds during current growing season. Individual shoots grow rapidly and lateral buds do not break.

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Excurrent

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One of two basic tree forms; several competing branches roughly similar size, not central leader, develops through bifurcation of main branches (deciduous trees) 2. Characterized by the presence of several competing branches of roughly similar size instead of a single central leader.

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Plagiotropism

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The plagiotropic growth of lateral shoots that persist for a time after the are detached from a parent plant and used as a stem cutting or scion (such as conifers), lateral branches return to orientation they has on the tree.

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Topophysis

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Memory of cuttings for extended periods of time after being removed from tree.

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Floral Evocation

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The molecular and cellular changes occurring in an apical meristem that eventually lead to the differentiation of floral primordial.

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Floral Initiation

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The first morphological evidence that the apical meristem has differentiated flower parts.

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Floral Organogenesis

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The continued differentiation and growth of flower parts following initiation.

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Anthesis

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The stage that the flowering process ends at.

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Florigen

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Find Definition

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Photo-inductive cycle:

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Day in which plant is exposed to a photoperiod that promotes floral induction and evocation.

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Obligate Response

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Qualitative. Response in which plants do not flower unless receiving the appropriate photoperiod.

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Facultative Response

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Response in which plants do not flower unless receiving the appropriate photoperiod.

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De-vernalization

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Exposure of a plant to temperatures above maximum threshold value can effectively reverse the effects of prior chilling.

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Vegetative-adult

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Adult plants that have never flowered.

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Alternate (biennial) bearing

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Leads to developing fruit inhibiting the initiation of flowers on nearby meristems, which also leads to a cycle of years with heavy fruit crops followed by years with light fruit crops.

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Earliness (chronological)

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How soon a plant is going to begin to flower.
Days from germination to flowering. Calendar date when flowering starts.

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Earliness (developmental)

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How soon a plant is going to begin to flower. Number of nodes produced before flowering. Orthotropic growth and morphological change.

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Bloom Density

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The number of flowers related to the size of the plant. Calculated by dividing total flower number by the plant weight.

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Concentration

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The number of flowers to reach anthesis per day, or percentage of plants to flower within a given time period.

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Skotoperiod

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Uninterrupted dark period.