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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a lesion?
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Modification of tissue or organ secondary to injury or disease process, usually resulting in impairment of normal function
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What is a tumor?
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Swelling/Neoplasm
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What is a mass?
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A lump, an aggregation of solid tissue
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What is a nodule?
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A small round mass
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What is a polyp?
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Any lesion or mass of tissue protruding from the normal surface level, usually in the lumen of a hollow organ
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What is a papilla?
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Usually a microscopic term, it is a finger-like projection consisting of surface epithelium over a core of connectivet issue
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What is a papilla equivalent to?
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A villus
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What is cancer?
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Any malignant neoplasm
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What is oncology?
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The study of neoplasm, malignancies
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What are 5 types of NON-NEOPLASTIC growths?
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1) Malformations
2) Repair 3) Hypertrophy 4) Hyperplasia 5) Metaplasia |
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What are two types of non-neoplastic malformations?
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-Hamartoma
-Choristoma |
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What is a harmartoma?
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Overgrowth of tissues that are normally present in an organism, in improper proportions and disorganized
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How does a hamartoma relate to a malformation and a benign neoplasm?
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It may bridge the gap between them
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What is hypertrophy?
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An increase in cell size
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What are three types of hypertrophy?
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Physiological
Pathological Hormonal |
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What are two types of physiological hyperplasia?
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Compensatory
Hormonal |
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What is an example of compensatory physiological hyperplasia?
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Post-surgical resection
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What is an example of physiological hormonal hyperplasia?
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Pregnancy, uterine
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What is an example of hormonal pathological hyperplasia?
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Endometrium
Prostate Breast |
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What are two types of non-hormonal pathological hyperplasia?
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Epithelial
Mesenchymal |
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What is an example of epithelial pathological hyperplasia?
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Hyperplastic polyp colon
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What is an example of mesenchymal pathological hyperplasia?
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Excessive connective tissue repair in pyogenic granulomas, in keloids, etc
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What is metaplasia?
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Transfer of one type of normal cell/tissue to another
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What are two types of metaplasia?
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Epithelial
Mesenchymal |
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What are two types of epithelial metaplasia?
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Squamous
Glandular |
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What are two possible etiological origins of neoplasia?
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-Heritable (genetic) mutations
-Aquired via exposure to carcinogens (chemical, physical, biological) |
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What are some possible interventions that can be done before a normal cell turns into an abormal , transformed, neoplastic cell?
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Genetic testing, prevention steps
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What happens when an abnormal, transformed, neoplastic cell proliferates and grows in a clonal manner?
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It turns into EITHER a benign lesion OR malignant dysplasia, "in situ" neoplasia
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What sort of intervention can be done at the level of benign lesion or malignant dysplasia "in situ" neoplasia?
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Early detection
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What can happent to a benign lesion?
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It can progress to EITHER a malignant, dysplasia "in situ" hyperplasia OR it can undergo invasion
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What are some steps required for invasion of a neoplastic lesion?
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Diversification, clonal expansion, angiogenesis, molecular mechanisms
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What happens after invasion?
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It develops into a malignant lesion and can undergo metastasis?
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What are the intervention options once a lesion undergoes invasion and/or metastasis?
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Therapy : surgical, chemical, radiation
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What happens when a metastatic lesion undergoes further diversification, becoming heterogeneous?
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It can develop drug resistance, production of hormones, expression of receptors
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What is the Willis 1952 definition of a neoplasm?
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"An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change"
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What is the definition of neoplasm?
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new (neo) growth or formation (plasma), a pathological disturbance of growth characterizied of excessive and unceasing proliferation of cells
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What does the persistence of a neoplasm result from?
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Genetic (DNA-related) alterations passed on to progeny cells
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How can someone describe the genetics of a tumor?
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Most tumors are clonal, i.e. derived from a single cell
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