Biology Od Test #2

Front 1

Describe Deinococcus radiodurans. What can it survive and WHY can it survive?

Back 1

1. Conan the Bacterium
2. It can be subject to 5000 GU gamma ray and still survive.
3. Deinocuccus radiodurans also has a unique ability to repair damaged DNA. It isolates the damaged segments in a controlled area and repairs it.

Front 2

Describe the three shapes that prokaryotes can have.

Back 2

1. Cocci - circular
2. Bacilli - rod-shaped
3. Spirilli - spiral-shaped

Front 3

How is the cell wall of a bacterium unique with respect to the other 2 domains?

Back 3

1. Bacteria cell wall contains peptidoglycan, a network of sugar polymers.
2. Eukaryote cell wall made of cellulose or chitin.

Front 4

Describe how gram-staining works? Who developed it?

Back 4

1. The gram stain is administered and if there is peptidoglycan on the outside of the cell membrane, the purple sticks (gram positive).
2. If there is lipopolysaccharides on the outside the purple washes away leaving red (gram negative).
3. Hans Christian Gram developed it.

Front 5

A bacteria stains purple it is negative or positive?

Back 5

1. Gram positive - purple sticks to peptidoglycan.

Front 6

Describe and be able to label the two types of bacteria cell walls. Just get the layers correct!

Back 6

1. Gram Positive - top to bottom - peptidoglycan layer and plasma membrane.
2. Gram Negative - top to bottom - Lipopolysaccharide layer, peptidoglycan layer, plasma membrane.

Front 7

What type of bacteria is endotoxic? What part makes up the endotoxin?

Back 7

1. Gram Negative bacteria
2. Lipopolysaccharides make up the endotoxin layer.

Front 8

What part of the cell wall do many antibiotics attack?

Back 8

1. Peptidoglycan and damage bacteria cell walls.

Front 9

What is one bacterial genus that Karl Stetter discovered?

Back 9

1. Thermotoga
- gram negative
- survive in harsh environments (under pressure, heat, etc)

Front 10

Where is the newest member of Euryarcheota found?

Back 10

1. Puget Sound

Front 11

Is it possible (although not likely) that Deinococcus came from Mars?

Back 11

1. Yes, because Deinococcus can survive such harsh environments (dry out, radiation, etc) it could have possibly gotten here from a chunk of Mars.

Front 12

What's a capsule and what is it good for?

Back 12

1. Capsule is a protein layer or polysaccharide that covers prokaryotes.
2. It helps stick to things.

Front 13

What's a fimbria, what's a pilus?

Back 13

1. Fimbria - attachment pili that allow prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or other individuals.
2. Pilus - basically the same thing as Fimbria.
3. Sex pili - are longer than Fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA.

Front 14

What is taxis? Describe 2 types.

Back 14

1. The ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli.
2. Phototaxis - move towards or away from light.
3. Chemotaxis - attraction or detraction from chemicals.

Front 15

Label the flagella mechanism of a bacteria and describe how it works.

Back 15

1. Works similar to a corkscrew motion.
2. Consists of a motor, a hook, and a filagment.
3. Motor works when charged ions are released.

Front 16

What are two types of interior membranes that can be found in some bacteria. What do they do?

Back 16

1. Respiratory membrane - absorbs oxygen for cell
2. Thylakoid membrane - site of light-dependent reactions

Front 17

Describe the two types of DNA in a bacterium.

Back 17

1. Circular chromosomes - contain the DNA, all bunched up in a nucleoid region.
2. Plasmids - smaller rings of DNA, can be manipulated to be cloned for specific things like human insulin.

Front 18

How does plasmid cloning work?

Back 18

1. They take a plasmid and put a start code, the gene for Insulin or something, and a stop code. THEN they place into bacteria to let it grow and produce what they want.
2. heat up intensely and then put in cold water with plasmids and the bacteria suck in the plasmids.

Front 19

What is binary fission?

Back 19

1. A form of reproduction that develops when one cell splits into two, asexually.
2. Bacteria can divide every 1-3 hrs.

Front 20

Bacterial generation times are about how long?

Back 20

1. 1-3 hr, sometimes 20 minutes.

Front 21

What's an endospore? How can you kill it!?

Back 21

1. An endospore are cells that can remain in harsh conditions for a long period of time.
2. Heat at 121 Degrees Celcius
3. Put under extreme pressure

Front 22

Why can bacterial populations adapt so rapidly?

Back 22

1. They can adapt so rapidly because they have such a short generational period. Any advantageous traits can be passed down and spread quickly.

Front 23

Describe Cooper and Lenski's experiment. Are the bacterial individuals getting stronger?

Back 23

1. The experiment consisted of growing bacteria in test tubes with varying levels of food. Certain organisms survived in the high-food tube, but when placed into the challenging, low-food tube, they died and other bacteria grew.
2. This showed the process of natural selection and how the bacteria that could meet the challenge of little food and thrive in that environment grew in numbers over time and "overtook" the bacteria that needed high-food tubes.

Front 24

What is so important about bacteria's ability to reproduce rapidly?

Back 24

1. The faster they reproduce, the better chance they have at being fit/surviving in their environment.
2. They will have a better chance of adapting and staying viable.

Front 25

Where did the variation come from in Cooper and Lenski's populations?

Back 25

1. The variation in the experiment came from mutations that occured in the population.
2. Even though these mutations are rare, since bacteria divide so rapidly, they occur more often than one would think.

Front 26

What is recombination and why is it important?

Back 26

1. Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by:
- Transduction
- Transformation
- Conjugation
2. This is important because it allows for diversity between species, as well as adaptations.

Front 27

Describe Griffith's 1928 experiment. What process did he discover?

Back 27

1. He looked at mice and different strands of Streptococcus.
2. He found that when he combined dead smooth Strep, with live rough Strep, the mouse died even though both didn't kill individually.
2. He discovered the process of Transformation and how the cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the environment.

Front 28

Describe and compare conjugation (both plasmid and chromosomal), transformation, transduction. What do these three things accomplish?

Back 28

1. Transformation: A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment.
2. Transduction: movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) Virus picks up bacteria DNA and potentially ejects into another bacteria.
3. Conjugation: process where genetic material is transferred between bacteria cells.
- Sex pili allow cells to connect and transfer DNA.
- F Factor is required for production of sex pili.
- Cells with F Factor function as donor and DNA spirals off into other cell.

Front 29

What are four ways that bacteria generate so much genetic diversity?

Back 29

1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation
4. Mutations

Front 30

About how many mutations occur in your E. coli fauna everyday?

Back 30

1. 9-million (9,000,000) - That's for Trevor ;)

Front 31

What is the F-factor?

Back 31

1. Fertility Factor
2. A piece of DNA that is required for the production of sex pili.
3. F Factor can exist as a separate plasmid or as DNA within bacteria chromosome.

Front 32

What is an R-plasmid?

Back 32

1. R plasmid carry genes for antibiotic resistance.

Front 33

What is an Hfr cell?

Back 33

1. High Frequency Recombination
2. This is the donor cell

Front 34

What are the 4 major nutritional modes? Describe them and give one example of each.

Back 34

1. Photoautotrophy - Light and CO2.
2. Chemoautotrophy - Organic and CO2
3. Photoheterotrophy - Light and Organic
4. Chemoheterotrophy - Organic and Organic

Front 35

Describe the three bacterial modes concerning oxygen use/tolerance.

Back 35

1. Obligate aerobes - require O2 for cell respiration.
2. Obligate anaerobes - are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation
3. Facultative anaerobes - can survive with or without O2.

Front 36

What is nitrogen fixation?

Back 36

1. Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

Front 37

Give an exmple of a nitrogen fixing bacteria and where it lives.

Back 37

1. Rhizobium - inside soy bean plants/roots.

Front 38

What's a heterocyte?

Back 38

1. Photosynthetic and nitrogen fixing cells that exchange metabolic products in cyanobacteria Anabaena.

Front 39

What's a biofilm?

Back 39

1. Colony of bacteria that uses metabolic cooperation to cover the surface of something.

Front 40

About how many bacterial species in a handful of soil?

Back 40

1. 10,000 prokaryotic species

Front 41

What has been the impact of molecular systematics on microbiology?

Back 41

1. There has been a drastic impact as molecular systematists have investigated prokaryotic phylogeny.
2. Before it had just been based on phenotopic criteria, not genetic molecular data.

Front 42

What are the 5 major groups of bacteria?

Back 42

1. Cyanobacteria
2. Gram Positive
3. Spirochaetes
4. Chlamydias
5. Proteobacteria

Front 43

Do bacteria have a nuclear envelope?

Back 43

1. No

Front 44

Do bacteria have membrane-enclosed organelles?

Back 44

1. No

Front 45

Do bacteria have peptidoglycan in cell walls?

Back 45

1. Yes

Front 46

Are bacteria inhibited by streptomycin or chloramphenicol? (antibiotics)

Back 46

1. Yes

Front 47

Do bacteria have circular chromosomes?

Back 47

1. Yes

Front 48

Can bacteria GROW in 100 Celcius temps?

Back 48

1. No

Front 49

Why is Thermus aquaticus an importnat bacterium to scientists?

Back 49

1. This enzyme helps to double strand DNA after it has been pulled apart during the process of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2. It allows for the rapid sequencing of prokaryotic genomes (cloning)

Front 50

What are the 5 subgroups of proteobacteria?

Back 50

1. Alpha
2. Beta
3. Gamma
4. Delta
5. Epsilon

Front 51

Where did you mitochondria come from?

Back 51

1. Alpha proteobacteria.
2. Mitochondria may have evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymiosis.

Front 52

Where did chloroplasts come from?

Back 52

1. through a process called endosymbiosis.
2. Cyanobacteria

Front 53

Why are alpha protobacteria important to plants (and us)?

Back 53

1. They are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts.
2. Some, called Agrobacterium, can produce tumors in plants that helps genetic engineering to become immune to pesticides that normally would kill plants.

Front 54

Salmonella, Legionaire's disease, and cholora are all examples of diseases cause by what type of Proteobacteria?

Back 54

1. Gamma

Front 55

E. coli is a___________ type of Proteobacteria.

Back 55

Gamma

Front 56

______________ proteobacteria form fruiting bodies.

Back 56

1. Delta

Front 57

Chlamydia is the number 1 cause of ___________ and the #1 STD? Can it cause infertility?

Back 57

1. Blindness
2. Yes, it can cause infertility.

Front 58

Cyanobacteria make energy by the process of __________________.

Back 58

1. Photoautotrophs
2. Make energy by photosynthesis.

Front 59

Why are cyanobacteria considered so important?

Back 59

1. They are photoautotrophs, which means they put O2 in the atmosphere to make life possible.
2. Without cyanobacteria, we wouldn't have oxygen on our planet.
3. Also plant chloroplasts evolved from cyanobacteria.

Front 60

What was the Great Oxygen Event? When did it happen?

Back 60

1. Occured 2.4 Billion years ago.
2. Enough cyanobacteria produced O2, which made our planet oxygen filled, causing many bacteria to become extinct.
3. Seen when rust formed in sediment layers by iron oxidizing.

Front 61

Name 4 diseases caused by Gram Positive bacteria.

Back 61

BASS
1. Anthrax
2. Botulism
3. Strep throat
4. Staph infection

Front 62

WHY are they gram POSITIVE?

Back 62

1. They have a peptidoglycan layer.
2. This means the diseases are treatable if stained purple. Peptidoglycan is highly susceptible to antibiotics.
3. If it is gram negative, antibiotics won't work.

Front 63

Why are actinomycetes important?

Back 63

1. Decompose soil

Front 64

______are the smallest cells.

Back 64

1. Mycoplasms

Front 65

What is a eukaryote?

Back 65

1. Unicellular protist
2. Have organelles
3. Have own DNA enclosed in membrane bound nucleus.

Front 66

What are the five major eukaryote groups?

Back 66

A CURE
1. Excavata
2. Chromalveolata
3. Rhizaria
4. Archaeplastida
5. Unikonta

Front 67

What are the three nutritional strategies of eukaryotes?

Back 67

1. Photoautotrophs - contain chloroplasts
2. Heterotrophs - absorb organic molecules or ingest larger particles
3. Mixotrophs - combine photosynthetic and heterotrophic nutrition.

Front 68

Describe the three different sexular reproduction cycles? What are the main differences and who does which?

Back 68

1. Animals - Diploid adult, starts as two haploid, then combine.
2. Plants/Algae - Starts as a haploid adult, turns into a diploid adult.
3. Fungi/Protists - Adult stage is haploid, the only time it is diploid is during the zygote stage.

Front 69

Describe primary endosymbiosis of plastids. What two groups arose this way?

Back 69

1. First a heterotroph engulfed a cyanobacteria.
2. This caused the membrane to lose shape and become part of the cell.
3. Red Alga and Green Alga

Front 70

Describe secondary endosymbiosis. What 3 groups arose this way? How do we know it was secondary?

Back 70

1. Secondary endo occurs when the first cell that engulfed a plastid, is engulfed by another cell.
2. We can tell they are secondary because they have 3+ membranes.
REC
3. Excavata
4. Chromalveolata
5. Rhizaria

Front 71

Why is protista a grade and not a clade? Why does it matter?

Back 71

1. It is a grade because they are all small, have similar common feature. However, it is not a clade because we're uncertain of the evolutionary relationships.
2. It matters because some don't believe protista should be included as a kingdom...

Front 72

What are the 3 groups within the Excavata?

Back 72

DPE - Department of Public Emergencies!
1. Diplomonads
2. Parabasalids
3. Euglenozoans

Front 73

Describe a Diplomonad which is a group of Excavata...

Back 73

1. Have modified mitochondria called mitosomes
2. Deprive energy anaerobically by glycolysis
3. Have two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella
4. Are often parasites
5. Giardia intestinalis

Front 74

Describe a Parabasalid which is a group of Excavata...

Back 74

1. Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically.
2. Trichamonas vaginalis - yeast infection
3. Acquired genes horizontally from native bacteria that allows it to feed on lining of organism.

Front 75

Describe a Euglenozoan which is a group of Excavata...

Back 75

1. Includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs and pathogenic parasites.
2. Spiral of cyrstalline rod of unknown function inside flagella distinguish them as clade.
3. This clade includes kinetoplastids and euglenids.
4. Trypanosoma... Chagas disease, sleeping sickness

Front 76

What basic properties do the excavates share?

Back 76

1. Modified mitochondria
2. Prefer anaerobic environments
3. Lack plastids

Front 77

If an excavate has a plastid, where did it originate?

Back 77

1. Secondary endosymbiosis from Green Algae

Front 78

Why don't all excavates have plastids? Their ancestors used to have them, so what must have happened?

Back 78

1. This could be due to the fact that some produce energy by glycolysis, anaerobically, thus not needing plastids.
2. They evolved from needing plastids, to not needing them after they derived energy from another source/method.
3. Some lived in dark areas and did not need plastids

Front 79

What is the main distinguising feature of a Euglenozoan?

Back 79

1. Spiral or crystalline rods of unknown function inside flagella.

Front 80

What two groups are make up the Euglenozoa?

Back 80

1. Kinetoplastids
2. Euglenids

Front 81

What two diseases are cause by Trypanosoma infections?

Back 81

1. Chagas Disease
2. Sleeping Sickness

Front 82

What 2 groups make up the Chromalveolates?

Back 82

1. Alveolates
2. Stramenopiles

Front 83

What disnguishes alveolates? What is that for?

Back 83

1. Membrane-bound sacs, just under the plasma membrane.
2. We do not know what these are for at this time.

Front 84

What bacteria are killing koalas?

Back 84

1. Chlamydias

Front 85

Dinoflagellates gain nutrition by either being_____________ or _____________.

Back 85

1. Heterotrophs
2. Mixotrophs

Front 86

Dinoflagellates release toxins and blooms may result in_____________.

Back 86

1. Red tides

Front 87

Malaria is caused by the apicomplexan, ___________________.

Back 87

1. Plasmodium

Front 88

About how many people die from malaria each year?

Back 88

1. 1-3 million per year.
1,000,000 - 3,000,000 (Trevor ;)

Front 89

T or F Humans have evolved in response to malaria?

Back 89

1. True - sickle cell, if one allele, can help fight malaria. However if you have both alleles, you will die young.

Front 90

Where do merozoites develop in your body? Gametocytes?

Back 90

1. Merozoites develop in your Liver Cells.
2. Gametocytes develop in your red blood cells.

Front 91

Sporozoites develop within a vector, the ________________.

Back 91

1. Oocyst

Front 92

Ciliates have cilia and two types of nuclei, ______________ and ____________.

Back 92

1. Macronuclei
2. Micronuclei

Front 93

How do paramecia become recombiinant?

Back 93

1. Paramecium recombinate by conjugation, where they transfer micronuclei.

Front 94

How do paramecia reproduce?

Back 94

1. They recombinate by conjugation and sticking together and then they fuse together, split into four cells.
2. The micronuclei from the one cell combine to form one macronuclei in each of the new cells.

Front 95

Stramenopiles are characterized by what type/s of flagella?

Back 95

1. Hairy and Smooth Flagella

Front 96

Why might Mickey Mouse like the smell of cat urine?

Back 96

1. The cat urine may have taxoplasmosis, a toxin that attracts mice to cat pee.

Front 97

Diatoms have skeletons made of hydrated _________.

Back 97

1. Silica (glass)

Front 98

Golden algae get their color from yellow and brown ____________.

Back 98

1. Carotenoids

Front 99

Some golden algae are _______________ in addition to being autotrophic.

Back 99

1. Heterotrophic
2. This means they may be mixotrophics

Front 100

An example of brown algae is ________.

Back 100

1. Seaweed
2. Laminaria

Front 101

Are brown algae (protists) multicellular?

Back 101

1. Yes, all brown algae are multicellular.

Front 102

How much can a brown algae grow in one day?

Back 102

1. 2 feet/day

Front 103

What are the three parts of a brown algae and what do they do?

Back 103

1. Holdfast - "roots" of the plant that hold the algae to ground.
2. Stipe - "stem" that supports the "leafs" or blades.
3. Blades - "leaves" of the algae.

Front 104

Oomycetes are commonly called __________molds.

Back 104

1. Water molds

Front 105

The most famous outbreak of oomycetes caused the ___________________.

Back 105

1. Potato Blight - caused by Phytophthera infestous

Front 106

Forams and radiolarians are examples of __________.

Back 106

1. Rhizaria

Front 107

What is a test (forams)?

Back 107

1. Porous, generally multichambered shells.

Front 108

T or F: Kelp is more closely related to Plasmodium (malaria) than it is to a plant.

Back 108

1. True

Front 109

20% of all limestone is made of the tests of_____________.

Back 109

1. Foramoniferans

Front 110

What is one of Dr. Groves' hypotheses that might explain why forams had a big radiation in the past?

Back 110

1. Symbiosis - bringing in photosynthetic dinoflagellates, which gave them ability to be both heterotrophic and autotrophic.