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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eukaryotic Cell
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divided into various functional compartments, including a nucleus
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Prokaryotic Cell
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smaller and simpler, lacking a nucleus
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Plasma Membrane
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cell's outer membrane-seperates metabolic activites from events outside of the cell
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Nucleus
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double-membraned sac holding a eukaryotic's DNA
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Nucleoid
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cytoplasm that holds a prokaryotic's DNA
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Cytoplasm
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semifluid mixture of water, ions, sugars, and proteins between the plasma membrane in which cell components are suspended in
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Lipid Bilayer
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double layer of lipids organized so that their hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between their hydrophilic heads
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surface-to-volume ratio
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an object's volume increase with the cube of its diameter, but its surface area increases only with the square (the volume grows faster than the surface area)
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Cell Theory
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1. All organisms consist of one of more cells
2. The cell is the smallest unit displaying properties of life 3.Each new cell arises from another cell |
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Fluid Mosaic Model for the Cell Membrane
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the cell membrane is a mixed composition of phospholipids, sterols, proteins, and other components
it allows metabolic events to proceed in controllable ways, seperated from the outside enviroment contains and protects the cell materials allows appropriate entry and exit of substances |
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Cell Wall
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rigid yet porous structure surrounding the plasma membrane
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Flagella
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slender cellular structures used for motion
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Things You Can See with Light Mircroscope
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Frog Eggs, most plant and animal cells, most bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts
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Things You Must Have an Electron Microscope For
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Small Moleculesm, Lipids, Proteins, Viruses
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What is missing in a prokaryotic cell?
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Nucleus, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Body, Mitochondrion, Chloroplast, Central Vacuole
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What is missing in a protist cell?
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Central Vacuole, Bacterial flagellum
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What is missing in a fungi cell?
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Photosynthesis pigments, Chloroplasts, Bacterial flagellum
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What is missing in a plant cell?
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Bacterial flagellum
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What is missingin an animal cell?
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Photosynthesis pigments, Chloroplasts, Central Vacuole, Bacterial flagellum
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DNA's job
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encoding of hereditary information
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RNA's job
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transcription, translation of DNA messengers into polypeptide chains of specific proteins
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Ribosomes' job
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protein synthesis
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Endoplasmic Reticulum's Job
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intial modification of many of the newly forming polypeptide chains of proteins, lipid synthesis
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Golgi Body's Job
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Final modification of proteins, lipid assembly, and packaging of both for use inside cell or export
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Lysosomes' Job
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Intracellular digestion
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Mitochondria's Job
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ATP formation
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Photosynthetic pigments' job
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light-energy conversion
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Chloroplast's job
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photosynthesis, some starch storage
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Central Vacuole's Job
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increasing cell surface area, storage
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cytoskeleton
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cell shape, internal organization, basis of cell movement and in many cells, locomotion
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Ionic Bond
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electrons transferred from one atom to another- intermediate strength
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Covalent Bond
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electrons shared between bonded atoms- strongest of three bonds
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Hydrogen Bond
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bond is based on attraction of opposite charges- weakest of three
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Water is formed by _____ bonds. Being polar makes water the universal ______.
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Hydrogen, solvent
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pH measures:
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the concentration of hyrdrogen ions in a solution
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the _______ the concentration of hyrdrogen ions the lower the pH #
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higher (negative relationship)
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1 pH= 1x10^?
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-1 or .1
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1 pH=
7 pH= 14 pH= |
Acid
Neutral (Distilled Water) Base |
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Condesation vs. Hydrolysis
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chemical reactions that produce water as a part of the reaction; forms polymers from monomers/ polymer is broken down using water
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Polymers Given, Name Monomer
Carbohydrates Lipids(Fat) Protein Starch Nucleuic Acid(DNA) |
monoscaccharide
fatty acids amino acids gluecose nucleotide |
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Carbohyrdations Function
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Energy Storage, structural components, hormones, protection
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Lipids Function
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Energy storage, structural components, protective covering on insects
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Nucleic Acid Function
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Information storage and transfer
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Protein Function
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Structual components, enzymes, cell receptors, transport materials across cell membranes, hormones, part of immune system
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Protein Arrangements:
Primary- Secondary- Tertiary- Quarternary- |
Held by covalent bonds, different arrangements create different amino acids
Folding or bending of the protein chain, formed by hydrogen bonds, looks like a slinky More bending and coiling of protein chain- doesn't affect structures from above, held by hydrogen bonds two or more proteins held together by hydrogen bonds, doesn't affect above structures |
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What do enzymes reduce?
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the activation energy of biological reaction making it easier for the substrates to proceed in reacting
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Mechanisms used by enzymes and active sites:
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Helping substrates get together
Orienting substrates in positions favoring reactions Inducing a fit between the enzyme and its substrate Shutting out water molecules |
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What happens when a protein is denatured?
What creates begins this process? |
Weak bonds from outer structures are disrupted because the pH was raised or lowered or because the temperature of the enzyme has risen.
When it is colder the enzyme only slows down. |
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Def. of Buffer
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set of chemicals, often a weak acid or base and its salt, that keeps the pH of a solution stable
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Mitosis vs Meiosis
Number of cells produced by division process Ploidy of daughter cells (i.e. haploid or diploid) Are daughter cells genetically similar to or different from parent cell? |
MI 2 ME4
MI Dipliod ME Haploid MI Same ME Different |
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Def. of Mitosis
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nuclear division mechanism that occurs in somatic cells (body cells) of multicelled eukaryotes
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Def. of Meiosis
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nuclear division preceeding the formation of gametes; it is the basis of sexual reproduction
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Process for Prokaryotic fission
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DNA replicates and proceeds in two directions
DNA replica attaches to membrane close to parent DNA DNA's are moved apart by membrane growth Essential materials are passed through midsection and new wall begins to form the cell finally splits into two identical cells |
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Phases of Mitosis
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Prophase- chromosomes duplicate and move to opposite sides of nucleus
Metatphase- chromosomes line up in middle of nucleus Anaphase- sister chromatids seperate and move toward opposite sides of nucleus Telephase- chromatids form clusters of chromosomes which fuse together and the two cell seperate after cytoplasmic division |
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The Cell Cycle Phases
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G1- cell builds up proteins, carbophydrates, and lipids that can be used or exported
S- DNA replication and chromosome duplication; proceeds to mitosis G2- cell produces proteins needed to drive mitosis to completion Mitosis- divides parent nucleus into two separate nuclei w/ same chromosomes as parent followed by cytoplasmi division and interphase |
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Cytokinesis in animal vs. plant cells
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animal cells are "pinched" apart in the middle by the formation of ring which moves inward until the cells break apart
plant cells use vesicles which condense between the two nuclei which expands and forms the cell wall that serparates one cell from the next |
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Meiosis Phases
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Prophase 1- Duplicated chromosomes condense and pair with homologues, then they cross over with nonsister chromatids
Metaphase 1- homologous chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator Anaphase 1- each chromosome is pulled away from its homologous partner toward opposite poles Telophase 1-nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes and cytoplasm divides to form two cells Prophase 2- chromosomes begin moving toward spindle equator with help from spindle fibers Metaphase 2- chromosomes align at equator with one chromatid facing each pole Anaphase 2- chromatids separate and are pulled toward the two poles Telophase 2- chromosomes arrive and cytoplasm divide created four haploid cells |
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Def. of Chromosome
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a complete molecule of DNA
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Def. of Chromatid
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ALL the DNA molecules and associated proteins
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Def. of Homologous Pair
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Chromosomes having the same length, shape, and assortment of genes
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Def. of Centromere
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region in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells from which microtubules grow
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Def. of Diploid
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having two of each chromosome characteristic of the species
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Def. of Haploid
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having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species (human gamete)
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