Biology Module 2

Front 1

What have some biologists renamed Kingdom Monera

Back 1

They renamed this kingdom to Prokaryota

Front 2

What are some of the habitats that organisms in kingdom monera can survive in?

Back 2

Living on dust particles 20,000 feet above earth, extreme temperatures, and radiation. Some even in the water core of a nuclear reactor.

Front 3

Define Pathogen

Back 3

An organism that causes disease

Front 4

Describe the functions of the capsule

Back 4

The capsule helps the bacterium adhere to surfaces and offers a protective layer which tends to defer infection-fighting agents.

Front 5

Describe the functions of the cell wall

Back 5

The cell wall holds the contents of the bacterium together, regulates the amount of water a bacterium can absorb and holds the cell into one of three shapes

Front 6

What are the three basic shapes of a bacterium?

Back 6

Spherical aka coccus - Rod-shaped aka bacillus - helical aka spirillum

Front 7

What are false-color images

Back 7

Images that have been taken with an electron microscope. Because it uses electron beams it can not show any color.

Front 8

Describe the functions of the plasma membrane.

Back 8

It protects the interior of the cell by sensing the nature of the chemicals in the surroundings and then determining whether or not they can enter the cell.

Front 9

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

Back 9

It is made up of certain chemicals called phospholipids and other chemicals called proteins. They regulate what the bacterium takes in from the outside world.

Front 10

Describe the functions of Cytoplasm

Back 10

Cytoplasm supports the DNA and the ribosomes.

Front 11

What does DNA do

Back 11

DNA holds all the info required to make a mass of chemicals a living entity.

Front 12

What do ribosomes do

Back 12

Ribosomes are chemical factories. they make special chemicals known as proteins.

Front 13

Many (but not all) bacteria have finbriae. What are these used for?

Back 13

They are typically used for grasping. They grasp surfaces or they grasp other bacteria as a part of reproduction. If they're used for reproduction, they are called sex pili.

Front 14

What are sex pili?

Back 14

Fimbriae that are used to grasp other bacteria as a part of reproduction.

Front 15

What is locomotion?

Back 15

Moving bacteria from one place to another

Front 16

Locomotion is accomplished with what?

Back 16

The flagellum

Front 17

What are the three parts of the flagellum?

Back 17

the filament, the hook, and the basal body.

Front 18

How does the flagellum move the bacterium?

Back 18

the filament attaches to the hook which slides onto a rod. through chemical reactions, the hook spins and the filament moves the bacterium.

Front 19

what does UM stand for and how long is it?

Back 19

Micrometer - 1 millionth of a meter.

Front 20

Define Saprophyte

Back 20

An organism that feeds on dead matter

Front 21

Define Parasite

Back 21

An organism that feeds on a living host

Front 22

What are the means by which autotrophic bacteria manufacture their food?

Back 22

Photosynthesis which uses the energy from sunlight and certain chemicals and chemosynthesis. In chemosynthesis, the bacteria promote chemical reactions which release energy. The entergy is used with other chemicals to produce energy.

Front 23

Define digestion

Back 23

The process of breaking down food into small molecules that our bodies can use.

Front 24

Define Aerobic Organism

Back 24

An organism that requires oxygen

Front 25

Define Anaerobic organism

Back 25

An organism that does not require oxygen

Front 26

What is the most popular form of asexual reproduction?

Back 26

Binary Fission

Front 27

Describe the steps of asexual reproduction in bacteria

Back 27

1. The DNA loop copies itself. 2. The new DNA loop attaches to the plasma membrane near the origional. 3. The cell wall elongates. 4. Once the strands of DNA are seperated, the new cell wall material and plasma membrane begin to grow. 5. Two different bacterium exist.

Front 28

When do Mutations occur in asexual reproduction?

Back 28

When the DNA of the parent is not copied correctly

Front 29

Define Steady State

Back 29

A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born.

Front 30

Define Exponential Growth

Back 30

Populations growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.

Front 31

Define Logistic Growth

Back 31

Population Growth that is controlled by limited resources

Front 32

What is the S-Shaped curve called?

Back 32

Sigmoidal Curve

Front 33

What is Genetic Recombination

Back 33

Bacteria exchanging genetic info in order to increase the genetic diversity of the population.

Front 34

What are the three ways Genetic Recombination can occur?

Back 34

Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction.

Front 35

Define Conjugation

Back 35

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer

Front 36

Define Plasmid

Back 36

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and cane reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.

Front 37

Define Transformation

Back 37

The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell.

Front 38

Define Transduction

Back 38

The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another.

Front 39

Define Endospore

Back 39

The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers.

Front 40

List the most common forms of bacterial colonies that exist.

Back 40

Diplococcus (2 circles) Tetracoccus (4 circles)
Streptococcus (7 circles)
Staphylococcus (Weird one)
Diplobacillus (2 rod like)
Streptobacillus (Other rod like)

Front 41

Who was the man who was studying bacteria in the late 1800s?

Back 41

Hans Christian Gram

Front 42

What stain did he develop?

Back 42

the GRAM stain.

Front 43

Learn the partial classification of Kingdom Monera

Back 43

Learn the partial classification of Kingdom Monera

Front 44

What does the six kingdom system do?

Back 44

It splits kingdom Monera into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Front 45

Define Strains

Back 45

Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits.

Front 46

What are the conditions that must be present for bacteria to grow?

Back 46

Moisture, Moderate Temperature, Nutrition, Darkness, and the proper amount of oxygen.