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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 3 characteristics of life
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1. Grow
2. Regulate energetic processes 3. Are composed of cells 4. Respond to the Environment 5. Reproduce 6. Evolve |
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Prokaryotic
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no membranes around internal structures and no nucleus
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Eukaryotic
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membrane-bound internal structures
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Metabolism
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sum of all chemical reactions in the organism
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First seven of the levels of biological organization
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1-atoms
2-molecules 3-organelles 4-cells 5-tissues 6-organs 7-organ systems |
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8 to 13 in the levels of bio organization
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8-organisms
9-populations 10-communities 11-ecosystems 12-biomes 13-biosphere |
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emergent properties
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properties not found at lower levels
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systematics
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the study of evolutionary relatedness
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Name the 8 classes that organisms are classified under
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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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Binomial nomenclature
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a two part name based on genus and species
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what are the 3 domains
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archae, bacteria, and eukaryia
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What are the four kingdoms that eukarya are divided into
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protista, plantae, fungi, anamalia
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name an example of a portista
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protozoans algae, slime molds, water molds
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name an example of fungi
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yeasts, mildews, molds, mushrooms
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Cellular respiration
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releases stored energy from nutrients
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autotrophs
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producers- produce their own food source- energy usually acquired from sunlight (photosynthesis)
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heterotrophs
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consumers- acquire energy by consuming other organisms
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name 2 ways you can gain confidence in an experiment
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1. sample size
2.controls 3. statistical testing 4. experiment bias |
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facts
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verifiable information
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laws
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predictable, generalized descriptions of nature
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theories
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broad explanatory statements based on facts, laws and confirmed hypothsis
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biochemistry
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the study of organic carbon-based and inorganic compounds in living system
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matter
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any substance that occupies space and has mass
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elements
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the most basic components of matter; each type has unique chemical characteristics
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atoms
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the most fundamental form of an element that retains all of its chemical properties
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what are the 3 basic particles in atoms
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electrons, protons, and neutrons
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atomic mass
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number of neutrons and protons combines
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atomic number
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number of protons
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isotopes
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different number of neutrons that typical
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ions
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different number of electrons than typical
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electron shells
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around nucleus
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valence shell
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composed of valance electrons - outermost layer
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a change in electrons does what?
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causes chemical reactions
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energy
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capacity to move matter
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chemical compounds
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combined atoms
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potential energy
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stored energy
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kinetic energy
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energy in action
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what are the four types of chemical bonds?
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covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waal forces
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covalent bonds
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2 or more atoms chare calence electrons to fill outer shells of each
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polar
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electrons spend more time near one atom than the other
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nonpolar
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electrons spend equal time near each atom
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ionic bonds
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positively charged ions attracted to negatively charged ions - soluble in water
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hydrogen bonds
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bonds between two or more polar molecules (not atoms)
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van der waal forces
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weak, brief attraction between neutral atoms
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name the 4 emergent properties of water
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1-hydrogen bonds formed by water molecules leads to cohesion and adhesion
2-water stabilizes temp 3-water is less dense as a solid than it is as a liquid 4-water is THE biological solvent |
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cohesion
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stickiness between water molecules
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surface tension
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strong cohesion between molecules on the surface of water
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adhesion
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between water and other polar molecules
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hydrophilic
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polar- substances attracted to and easily dissolved by water
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hydrophobic
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nonpolar- substances that are repelled by water
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temperature
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a measure of average kinetic engergy
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heat
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total kinetic energy
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specific heat
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amount of energy required to increase temp of 1ml of water 1C
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molecular mass
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sum of atomic mass of each atom in molecule
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Acid
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any substance that dissociates in solution to form H+ and an anion
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base
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dissociates to yield OH- and a cation
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akaline
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basic
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buffers
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substances that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added to a solution
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salt
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a compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base
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Redox reaction - oxidation reduction reaction
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transferring from one atom/molecule to another transfers the energy of that electron
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oxidation
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loss of an electron
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reduction
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addition of an electron
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oxidizing agent
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substance that accepts electrons and becomes reduced
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reducing agent
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substance that loses electrons and becomes oxidized
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organic compunds
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carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other or hydrogen as the backbone of a molecule
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what are four major elements in organic molecules
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hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
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functional groups
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groups of atms that replace a single H and dramaticaly change the characteristics of the molecule
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monomers
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the most simple organic moleule
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polymers
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combined monomers
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macromonomers
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the largest monomers
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the removal of what makes macromonomers
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one water molecule
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hydrolysis
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addition of one water break polymer
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what are the 4 major classes of biologically important organic molecules?
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carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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monosaccharides
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simplest carbs - glucose
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disaccharide
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2 monosaccharides
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fatty acids
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hydrocarbon chain; building blocks of many lipids
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saturated
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maximum number possible of hydrogen atoms
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unsaturated
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room for more hydrogen
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triglycerides
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fats
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amphipathic
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swings both ways
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carotenoids
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pigments found in plants and used as light sensative pigments in many animals
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steriods
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four attached rings of 4-5C's with side chains
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cholesterol
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forms structural component of cell membranes
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amino acids
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building blocks of proteins
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peptide bonds
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chains of amino acids
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four ways that proteins are shapes
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primary structure, B shapes, tertlary structure, and quanternary structure
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chapelonins
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proteins that assisst in the folding process
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nucleic acids
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determine which proteins a cell manufactures
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DNA contains
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hereditary info with genes for protein manufacture
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RNA
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translates DNA info
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What are the 3 things that RNA contains?
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ATP, NADH, cAMP
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ATP
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energy currency
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cAMP
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cell signaling and hormone action
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NADH
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redox reactions
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cell theory
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cells are the organizational and functional unit of life
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what structure helps cells maintain homeostatsis
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the plasma membrane
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What can affect surface area vs. volume ratio
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cell shape
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The DNA is in what organelle?
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nucleus
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what is the job of ribosomes
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to synthesize proteins
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electrochemical gradient
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form of potential energy, store energy in the form of concentration and electrical gradients
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which part of the ER has ribosomes and which does not?
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smooth ER - no ribos
rough ER - ribos |
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what is the job of the golgi complex?
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packaging and transport of molecules synthesized by ER
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what is the job of lysosomes?
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digestive enzymes
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what is the job of vacuoles?
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filled with water that stores food, salts, and wasted
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what do peroxisomes do?
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vesicles containing enzymes that catalye metabolic reactions
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microtubules
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hollow tubes composed of tubulin and participates in cell division. you can "walk" down microtubules
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microfilaments
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form microvilli and participate in cell movement
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intermediate filaments
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hollow rods that provide strength and shape in animal cells.
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what are three cell coverings
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gly coalyx, cell walls, and extracellular matrix
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what is the main goal of cell junctions
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to participate in proteins forming connections between adjacent plasma membranes
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desmosomes
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serve to hold neighboring cells together and allow material to pass between cells
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tight junctions
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form water tight seals between neighboring cells
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gap junctions
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form pores between neighboring cells
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plasmodesmata
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in plant cells; continuation of plasma membrane through cell walls
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what are 3 functions of membrane proteins?
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transport, enzymes, signal receptors, cell recognition, cell adhesion, and attachment to cytoskeleton
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Cell membranes are selectively permeable which means,
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the allow some materials to pass through but not others
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