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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is transcription? |
DNA to mRNA |
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What is translation? |
mRNA to proteins |
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Why is mRNA made during the process of "reading" DNA to make proteins? |
DNA can't leave the nucleus, so mRNA copies are made to be brought to the ribosomes |
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What are the monomers of proteins? |
amino acids |
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Where are proteins made? |
ribosomes |
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What are the monomers of DNA & mRNA? |
nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen |
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What is gene regulation? |
The process of turning genes on and off |
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If all the somatic cells in our body contain the same DNA, how can we have different cells? |
cells undergo differentiation; hox genes control differentiation |
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Explain gene regulation using green florescent gene and arabinose. |
The green florescent gene is a reporter gene that is turned on if arabinose, the inducer, is present and the result will glow |
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Explain gene regulation using the lac operon. |
When lactose isn't present, the repressor if on the will be attached to the operator, causing the RNA polymerase to not be able to transcribe the gene. If lactose if present, it will attach to the repressor, which will fall off the operator, allowing RNA polymerase to attach to the promoter and read the gene. |
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What are point mutations? |
gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides |
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How do small point mutations cause large health issues, such as sickle cell disease? |
substitutions, insertions, deletions, and other frameshift mutations can shift the code of the genetic message, causing the amino acids to be read incorrectly altering the proteins |
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What are sex-linked traits? |
when a gene is only found in an X chromosome and not in a Y chromosome ex: Red-green colorblindness Male Pattern Baldness Hemophilia |
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Why are males most likely to have x-linked disorders? |
males only have one X chromosome |
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What is epigenetics? |
the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. |
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What are histones? |
protein molecules that DNA tightly coils around creating chromatin |
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Define DNA sequencing. |
the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a strand of DNA |
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What are restriction enzymes? |
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides |
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What are blunt ends? |
simple ends of DNA where both strands are cut off at the same length |
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What are sticky ends? |
ends of DNA that are unpaired and cohesive being easily paired back together |
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What is gel electrophoresis? |
a procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments |
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How does gel electrophoresis separate segments of DNA? |
you place a mixture of DNA fragments in wells of one end of a porous gel and apply an electrical voltage to the gel causing the DNA fragments to be pulled to the other side based on size; the smaller the fragment, the further it goes |
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What is transformation? |
when a cell takes in foreign DNA from outside the cell |
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How are recombinant plasmids made? |
a plasmid receives foreign DNA |
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How are plasmids used? |
plasmids carry specific genes that can be put into organisms to help them grow |
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What are genetic markers? |
a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don't |
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Why are genetic markers used in transformation experiments? |
they help you see how things change or where the bacteria went during the experiment |
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How are antibiotic resistance genes and the green florescent gene used as genetic markers? |
the pGlo gene allowed us to recognize the bacteria that grew that had the plasmid and which ones didn't |
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What are practical applications for transgenic bacteria, animals, and plants? |
bacteria: produce organisms to fight cancer, grow raw materials for plastics, synthetic fibers, medicine, etc. animals: leaner meat, resist bacterial infection, supply of our own proteins, etc. plants: control weeds, fight disease, nutrients, resist rot and spoilage, etc. |
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What genetic markers did we use in the pGlo Transformation Experiment and why? |
arabinose to identify bacteria with plasmids |
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Why did we add LB, AMP, and ARA to the different plates bacteria grew on? |
LB: food for bacteria AMP: antibiotic ARA: inducer to turn on glow gene |
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What is cloning? |
creating a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell |
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What are the steps involved in cloning an animal? |
taking a donor cell, placing it in an egg cell with the nucleus removed, fusing them together, letting the embryo divide, putting it in a foster mother allowing the clone to be born |
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How does the tightness of DNA coils influence the "reading" or expression of a gene? |
the looser the DNA is, the more readable it is |
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What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? |
technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene |
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What is the process that scientists use manipulate DNA? |
they can extract DNA from cells, cut them into smaller pieces, identify the sequence of bases, and make unlimited copies |
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Why might a scientist want to the sequence of a DNA molecule? |
to be able to study specific genes, to compare them with the genes of other organisms, and to study their functions and combinations |
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How is genetic engineering like a computer? |
take out program/DNA sequence, read it, make changes in it, and then put the modified code back into the game/cell |
