Biology Midterm 1 Chapter 2

Front 1

What are the 5 levels of ecology scale

Back 1

1. biosphere - earth
2. eco system
3. communities
4. populations
5. organisms

Front 2

what is a species??

Back 2

..

Front 3

4 modes of nutrition?

Back 3

heterotroph - consumes other things for organic carbon

autotroph - makes organic carbon from inorganic carbon

photoautotroph - light for energy

chemoautotroph - uses reduced chemicals with electrons for energy

Front 4

chemoautotroph vs photoautotroph

Back 4

chemo - oxidation of molecules for energy
photo - through light as energy

autotroph - inorganic molecules

Front 5

chemoautotroph vs chemo heterotroph

Back 5

chemo - oxidation of molecules for energy
autotroph - inorganic molecules
hetero - organic molecules

Front 6

what domain do animals and plants branch from

Back 6

eukarya

Front 7

two major unifying concepts of biology

Back 7

cell theory
theory of evolution by natural selection

Front 8

characteristic of hypothesis

Back 8

1. specific to question
2.based on knowledge
3. testable

Front 9

theory of evolution by natural selection defined

Back 9

1. characteristics of population change over time
2. population with favored traits produce more offspring

Front 10

evolution evidence based from many scienecs including

Back 10

biology, paleontology, geology
geography, chemistry, physics and ecology

Front 11

theory of evolution explains wat

Back 11

unity and diversity of life

Front 12

some points of darwins theory of evolution

Back 12

single species are highly fertile
food resources stay constant
heterotrophs are usually diverse
due to competition reasons.

Front 13

anoxygenicphototrophic bacteria
vs. OXYGENIC

Back 13

no oxygen produced through photosynthesis vs oxygen made

Front 14

cell theory defined pattern vs mechanism

Back 14

all organisms are made from cells - pattern

all cells come from preexisting cells - mechanism

Front 15

some characteristics of cells?

Back 15

smallest unit containing life
eggs are most largest and most expensive

Front 16

two types of cells

Back 16

prokaryote vs eukaryote
single cell vs multi cell

Front 17

prokaryote and eukaryote similarities vs diff

Back 17

similarities
-have dna
-transcription and translation
-Electron transport chain
-plasma membrane

diff
-prok has no nucleus

Front 18

DNA composition

Back 18

1. nitrogenous base
2.pentose sugar
3.phosphate group

Front 19

diff between rna and DNA in structure

Back 19

DEOXYribose vs Ribose, so DNA lacks an oxygen in the sugar group

Front 20

nucleotides have what number of ends

Back 20

5 and 3 ends

Front 21

DNA sugar and phosphate group characteristics

Back 21

5 end on 4 phosphate side
attached to 4 sugars to 4 bases
Cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine

G-A - double ringed (purines)
C - T - single ringed (pyrimidines)

sugar phosphate on outside ends, with nitrogenous on inside

Front 22

nucleoside?

Back 22

comprised of sugar and nitrobases

Front 23

linking of nucleoTIde

Back 23

phosphodiester bond through condensation, creating 2 waters and a phosphate group.

Front 24

dna strand arrangement

Back 24

in opposite directions - antiparrallel arrangement.

Front 25

information flow pathway

Back 25

living cells require a system that could store and pass on info to make proteins
DNA stores
RNA copies and transfers
Info makes proteins

Front 26

molecular structure of protein

Back 26

primary structure is one sequence of RNA info
secondary - beta pleated sheet or local folding
tertiary - long range folding
quatinary - multimeric folding

Front 27

oxidation reduction reactions

Back 27

a transfer of electrons from donor to recipient
. example of this is metabolism, taking energy from organisms and using it for energy, growth etc

Front 28

energy harnassing reaction pathways

Back 28

ATP is the coupling agent that links donor to recipient reactions

ATP from donor passes through electron transport chain and to recipient

donor becomes oxidized, acceptor becomes reduced - oxidatin reduction!

Front 29

structure of atp

Back 29

nucleotide base (adenine)
tri phosphate - 3 phosphate
sugar - ribose

Front 30

how is atp made

Back 30

chemiosmosis through lipid bilayer

Front 31

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Back 31

prokaryotes include bacteria and archea , eukarya is eukaryote

Front 32

characteristics of prokaryote

Back 32

use variety of sources for energy
vastly outnumber other organisms
found everywhere on earth
simple in structure

Front 33

gram positive vs gram negative bacteria

Back 33

positive has single thick peptidyglycan layer
negative has a thinner layer, with outer membrane

Front 34

capsule layer?

Back 34

layer of polysaccarides
protects bacteria from temperatures,desiccation, antibiotics, viruses, antibodies

Front 35

chromosome of bacteria

Back 35

closed circular molecule of DNA packed into nucleiod region of cell -singular

Front 36

bacterial DNA

Back 36

organized into loops through interaction with proteins.

Front 37

binary fission

Back 37

duplication of prokaryotes (asexual production)
1. replication
2.segration
3.cytokinesis

Front 38

rolling circle replication in binary fission

Back 38

1. donor connects with recipient cell
2.one strand of F factor breaks at a point and travels into recieving cell
3. DNA replication occurs in donor to replace what is lost.
4.replication produces exact duplicate in receiving cell.

Front 39

archea characteristics

Back 39

share features with both domains on molecular level
-live in extreme conditions

Front 40

3 groups of archea

Back 40

euryarcheota
crenarcheota
korarcheota

Front 41

euryarcheota 3 types

Back 41

methanogens - low oxygen areas, create methane, anaerobes

halophiles
-saline environments
-aerobic chemoheterotrophs

-themophiles
-very hot environments

Front 42

Crenarcheota 3 types

Back 42

thermophiles
psychrophiles (cold loving)
mesophiles - cool, marine water

Front 43

korarcheota

Back 43

-differs in DNA sequences
-found in hydrothermal
-not much known about physiology

Front 44

archea and molecular characteristics

Back 44

has a peptoglycan wall but cannot be classified in regards to gram staining (positive or negative

-has flagellum with similar function, but different in terms of makeup

Front 45

DNA in archea

Back 45

DNA in chromosome in nucleoid, with plasmids present.
Chromosomes packed with histone like proteins

Front 46

animal vs plant cell similarities and diff

Back 46

centriole not found in plant

cell wall, chloroplast and vacoule(usually) not found in animal cells

Front 47

endomembrane system

Back 47

interrelated internal membrous sacs that divide cell into functional and structural parts

-same common ancestor
-fuse parts of membranes with each other

Front 48

the lipid bilayer of membrane

Back 48

hydrophillic external
hydrophobic internal

Front 49

what is an organelle?

Back 49

asd

Front 50

nucleus

Back 50

surrounded by nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores

Front 51

DNA organization in eukaryotes

Back 51

histones pack DNA in nucleus
nonhistone proteins also present
DNA plus other proteins = chromatin

Front 52

chromosome packing in DNA

Back 52

DNA wraps around nucleosome (2 molecules of each histone)
nucleoesomes connected with linker DNA
binding of H1 histone causes a coiled structure (solenoid)

Front 53

chromatin contains 2 typoes

Back 53

euchromatin - loosely packed, genes active

heterochromatin - densely packed, genes inactive

Front 54

nonhistone proteins of chromatin characteristics

Back 54

-associated with DNA
-mostly negative charged or neutral
-involved in gene expression

Front 55

Rough Er

Back 55

modifies protein to ship elsewhere
covered in ribosomes

Front 56

smooth er

Back 56

creates lipids
detoxifies
no ribosomes (smooth skin)
-lots of it in liver

Front 57

vesicle traffic

Back 57

proteins made by ribosomes enter through rough ER to be modified
-exits ER and into golgi to be sorted into vesicles
-finished vesicles exit membrane via exocytosis
-lysosomes carry out damaged organelle from golgi to cytoplasm

Front 58

vacoule? function?

Back 58

storing
-retaining waste toxins
contains pigments

Front 59

lysosomes

Back 59

garbage dispensers
works best at acidic PH of 5
uses AUTOPHAGY
-degrades macromolecules to monomers to be released and reused

Front 60

macrophage

Back 60

type of white blood cell, delivers bacteria and gives to lysosomes

Front 61

endomembrane system related ancestors to what

Back 61

plasma membrane is the root to all of the related membranes

Front 62

mitochrondria and chloroplasts

Back 62

energy transformers
-photosynthesis in chloroplast create oxygen and organic molecules

mitochondria - cellular respiration to make atp creating CO2 and water

have own DNA (shorter than nuclear) and replicate with binary fission.

Front 63

theory of endosymbiosis

Back 63

basically says that mitochondria and chloroplast were derived from a membrane ingesting another organism.

mitochondria- ingesting prokaryote
chloroplast - ingesting cyanobacteria

Front 64

cytoskeleton

Back 64

composed of filaments
-used for structure
-transport
-shape
-

Front 65

cytoskeleton animal vs plant

Back 65

animal
-made from
-microtubles
-intermediate filament
-microfilament

plant
-microtubules and microfilaments

Front 66

microtubules

Back 66

composed of tubulin (protein)
attached to centrosome
-microtubule organizing centre
25 nm

Front 67

intermediate filaments

Back 67

10nm rope like
made of nuclear lamina
present in alot of surfaces, like skin, hair, anywhere requiring mechanical strength

Front 68

microfilaments

Back 68

made from actin, 2 strand spiral shape
-flexible and found under plasma membrane
-used for cell moving
lots found in microvilli

Front 69

cytoskeleton static or dynamic

Back 69

very dynamic and always moving
constantly being taken apart and rebuilt,

Front 70

how does a motor protein move?

Back 70

kinesin walks along microtubules
uses ATP

Front 71

dyneins and kinesins

Back 71

dyneins are similar to kinesin but travel in opposite direction. also involved in cilia and flagella moving

Front 72

surface area to volume ratio

Back 72

high surface area and low volume allows for transportation of materials across membrane

Front 73

define
cell
cytoplasm
cytosol
organelle
lumen

Back 73

cell - nucleus and cytoplasm
cytoplasm - organelles outside of nucleus and cytosol
cytosol - cell contents not including organelle
organelle - has a membrane
lumen - inside of an organelle

Front 74

organisms used in biotechnology

Back 74

bacteria
viruses
animal cells
insect cells
yeast
fungi
plants

Front 75

membrane functions

Back 75

1. barrier to water soluble molecules, charged and large molecules

2. ion gradient

3.signalling

Front 76

membrane composition

Back 76

bilayer or 2 layers of monolayers

amphipathic phospholipid bilayer

Front 77

fatty acid tail in membrane composition

Back 77

non polar hydrophobic

Front 78

what makes a membrane fluid?

Back 78

how far the lipids are from each other.
more packed = viscous
loose = fluid

Front 79

how does saturation affect membrane fluidity

Back 79

the more unsaturated fats, the more fluid, due to bent tails, thus cant pack as tight

Front 80

how does temp affect membrane fluidity

Back 80

higher temperatures the more fluid it is

Front 81

how does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?

Back 81

allows fluidity at lower temps and viscosity at higher temps.