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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
when a cell undergoes mitosis |
BOTH A AND B ARE TRUE the daughter cells have identical genes the daughter cell has genes identical to those of the mother cell that produced it |
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in mitosis, if a parent cell has 16 chromosomes, each daughter cell will have how many chromosomes |
16 |
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chromatids that are attached at the centromere are called what kind of chromatids |
sister |
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the two sets of genetic information in a cell are described by the term |
diploid |
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|
DNA replication occurs |
between the gap phases of interphase |
|
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which of the following types of cells produce gametes |
germ |
|
|
the chromosomes and genes are actually replicated during |
interphase |
|
|
the spindle apparatus consists of |
microtubules |
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mitosis comes from the Greek word mitos, which means |
thread |
|
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the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator during |
metatphase |
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the spindle, or spindle apparatus, becomes visible during |
prophase |
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the (replicated) chromosomes detach from one another and become visibly separated during |
anaphase |
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the nuclear membrane reforms during |
telophase |
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which of the following is the proper sequence for mitosis |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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in which of the stages below does the chromosomes consist of two DNA molecules (sister chromatids) |
metaphase and prophase |
|
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the distribution of cytoplasm to daughter cells is accomplished during |
cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) |
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proteins associated with DNA in eukaryotes are |
histones |
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Histone - DNA units are called |
nucleosomes |
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during which period is DNA duplicated |
S |
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the period when interphase ends in the parent cell is |
gap 2 |
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which is the event that forms two daughter cells |
cytokinesis |
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which is the period of cell growth before DNA duplication |
Gap 1 |
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which is the period of nuclear division |
Mitosis |
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which is the period that is commonly followed by cytokinesis |
mitosis |
|
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which is the period in which metaphase occurs |
mitosis |
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during the stage of the mitotic cell cycle the chromosomes are lined up on the equatorial plate |
metaphase |
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chromosomes replicate during this phase of the mitotic cell cycle |
interphase |
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condensation and shortening of chromosomes occur during this phase |
prophase |
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during the phase of centromeres break apart as the separated sister chromatids begin to move to the opposite poles |
anaphase |
|
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new daughter nuclear membranes form during this phase |
telophase |
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another name for body cells is _____ cells |
somatic |
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as mitosis ends, |
ALL OF THE ABOVE OCCUR vesicles move to the equator vesicle membranes fuse materials in vesicle are sandwiched between two membranes cellulose is deposited and the cell plate grows |
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which of the following is not an actual phase of mitosis
|
interphase |
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four of the five answers listed below are events occurring during mitosis. select the exception |
chromosomes (DNA) replication |
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four of the five answers listed below assist in chromosomes movement. select the exception |
nuclear envelope |
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how many times does DNA loop around the histone proteins in nucleosome |
two |
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the small, disk-shaped structure on the surface of the centromere that serves as docking sites for spindle microtubules is the ______ |
kinetochore |
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dynein and kinesin are ______ proteins in a kinetochore |
motor |
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in plant cells, cytokinesis occurs with the formation of a |
cell plate |
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if the total number of chromosomes in a cell is 6, then after mitosis there will be |
6 chromosomes in each daughter cell |
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if the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be |
8 |
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HaLa cells are the cultured descendants of cells isolated from a(n) |
cancer cell |
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which of the following reproduce by prokaryotic fission |
bacteria |
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which of the following is the nuclear division mechanism that produces gametes |
meiosis |
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the diploid chromosomes number is also referred to as |
2N |
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Meiosis occurs in body cells |
false |
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the chromosomes number in the daughter cells is twice the chromosome number of the parent cell |
false |
|
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DNA replicates during interphase |
True |
|
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daughter cells produced by mitosis are genetically identical to the parent cell |
true |
|
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the daughter cells produced by mitosis are called gametes |
false |
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in slipper limpets, |
the sex of a larva depends upon the sex of the adults where the larva settles |
|
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asexual reproduction |
requires only one parent |
|
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each unique molecular form of the same gene is called |
an allele |
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the chromosome number after meiosis is denoted as |
n
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crossing over occurs during |
prophase I |
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in humans, each diploid oocyte gives rise to |
one ovum and three polar bodies |
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in higher plants, a zygote develops into a |
sporophyte |
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chromosomes are duplicated during |
interphase |
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when compared to asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction |
produces more variety in the offspring |
|
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synapsis occurs |
during prophase I |
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sister chromatids are separated from each other during |
anaphase II |
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a kidney cell in human male will contain ____ pairs of homologous chromosomes
|
23 |
|
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during crossing over, ____ undergo breakage and exchange segments |
nonsister chromatids of a homologous pair |
|
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if a diploid organism has three different chromosomes (n=3), it can produce _____ different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosome sin the gametes without any crossing over |
8 |
|
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paired homologous chromosomes are found at the spindle equator during |
metaphase I |
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the reason that sexually reproducing organisms produce different from themselves is |
ALL OF THE ABOVE crossing over random arrangement of chromosomes from the spindle equator fertilization is a chance mix of genetically different gametes |
|
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the chromosome number of a human sperm cell is |
23 |
|
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asexual reproduction is accomplished by |
mitosis |
|
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meiosis is similar to mitosis in that |
spindle fibers control movement of chromosomes |
|
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in meiosis, telophase I is followed by |
prophase II |
|
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chiasmata are evidence that ____ has occured |
crossing over |
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each time a human germ cell gives rise to an egg or sperm, a total of _____ combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible |
8,388,608 |
|
|
unequal cytoplasmic divisions are characteristics of |
oogenesis |
|
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plant life cycles differ from animal life cycles in that |
spore formation occurs between meiosis and gamete formation |
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a chromosome that consists of two sister chromatids is |
a duplicated chromosome
|
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a human primary oocyte is |
diploid |
|
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the life cycle of higher plants includes a haploid ____ stage |
gametophyte |
|
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polar bodies are formed during |
oogenesis |
|
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at metaphase I, all the maternal chromosomes are oriented toward one spindle pole and all the paternal chromosomes are oriented toward the opposite pole |
false |
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at _____, each chromosome consists of a single chromatid
|
telophase II |
|
|
the manufacture of RNA from DNA is called |
transcription |
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during transcription, DNA's cytosine pairs with RNA's _____ |
guanine |
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the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides during transcription is |
RNA polymerase |
|
|
the five-carbon sugar found in RNA is |
ribose |
|
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a mature messenger RNA |
ALL OF THE ABOVE contains sequence of triplet codons that specify amino acids has eliminated non-coding introns leaves the nucleus and carries out its functions in the cytoplasm |
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during translation, nucleotide bases are read ____ at a time |
three |
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which of the following is not required for translation |
free nucleotides |
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in eukaryotic cells, translation occurs in the |
cytoplasm |
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which of the following is NOT an anti-codon |
TAG |
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which of the following is NOT true |
every codon specifies a specific amino acid |
|
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mutations are |
ALL OF THE ABOVE rare random inherited |
|
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which of the following is NOT a stage in translation |
substitution |
|
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transcription occurs |
in the nucleus |
|
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the mRNA codon CUU codes for the amino acid leucine. which of the following codons also code for leucine |
CUC |
|
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an anti-codon is part of a molecule of |
tRNA |
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the amino acids of a growing peptide chain are held together by |
peptide bonds |
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the DNA molecule is usually made up of how many strands |
2 |
|
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the RNA molecule is made up of how many strands |
1 |
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what is the form of RNA that carries the code from the DNA to the site where the protein is assembled |
messenger RNA |
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the nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA is |
uracil |
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in Mendel's time, most people believed that |
the characteristics of parents were blended in the offspring |
|
|
a locus is |
the location of an allele on a chromosome |
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Mendel's study of genetics differed from those of his contemporaries because he |
kept careful records and analyzed the data statistically |
|
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which organism did Mendel use to work out the laws of segregation and independent assortment |
the garden pea |
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various forms of a gene at a given locus are called |
alleles |
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hybrid organisms produced from a cross between two pure-breeding organisms belong to which generation |
F (subscript 1) |
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if short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (I), animals LL and Ll have the same |
phenotypes |
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according to Mendel, what kind of genes "disappear" in F(subscript 1) pea plants |
recessive |
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the theory of independent assortment |
NONE OF THESE deals with the alleles governing two different traits applies only linked genes applies only to sex-linked genes explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis |
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which of the following is a (are) possible gamete(s) for the genotype Ww |
BOTH A AND B W w |
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both a man and woman are heterozygous for freckles. freckles are dominant over no freckles. what are the chances that their child will have freckles |
3/4 |
|
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if a child has an AB blood type, the parents |
can have different blood types, but neither can be blood type O |
|
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multiple effects of a single gene is known as |
pleiotropy |
|
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genes at one locus that affect the expression of genes at a different locus are said to be |
epistatic |
|
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the color of Siamese cats is controlled by |
variation in temperature, with cold temperature producing dark fur |
|
|
Mendel carried out most of his research with |
plants |
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which of the following is represented by a word description, such as black and tall |
phenotype |
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in humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). A brown-eyed woman who has a blue-eyed child must have the genotype |
Bb |
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if an albino (recessive) woman is married to a man with normal coloring and they have an albino child, what was the genotype of the man |
heterozygous |
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if pairs of factors (genes) separate independently of other pairs of factors (genes), you are dealing with the ____ |
law of independent assortment |
|
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which of the following would be considered a dihybrid genotype |
WwSs |
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a man with a widow's peak (dominant) who can curl his tongue (dominant) has a child who has a continuous hairline (recessive) and cannot roll the tongue (recessive). what is the genotype of the father |
WwTt |
|
|
the study of transmission of hereditary information from parents to offspring is called |
genetics |
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if a homozygous dominant male rabbit and homozygous recessive female rabbit for one trait are mated several times and 64 offspring are produced. How many of the offspring are expected to be heterozygous |
64 |
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an organism is said to be _____ if it carries two identical alleles for a trait |
homozygous |
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if an organism HETEROZYGOUS for one trait is crossed with an organism that is also HETEROZYGOUS for one trait, the PHENOTYPIC ratio of the offspring will be |
3:1 |
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if an organism HETEROZYGOUS for one trait is crossed with an organism that is HOMOZYGOUS recessive for one trait, the PHENOTYPIC ratio of the offspring will be |
1:1 |
|
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an organism is said to be _____ if it carries two different alleles for one trait |
heterozygous |
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in the expected phenotypic ratio (9:3:3:1) in the F(subscript 2) generation of a dihybrid cross, the 1 represents the proportion of offspring |
with pure recessive traits |
|
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the F(subscript 1) offspring of the monohybrid cross (AA x aa) are |
all Aa |
|
|
a capital letter usually symbolizes a |
dominant trait |
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assuming complete dominance will occur, the offspring of the cross (Aa x Aa) will show a phenotypic ratio of |
3:1 |
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second generation offspring from a cross are the |
F(subscript 2) generation |
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if an organism heterozygous for one trait is crossed with an organism that is homozygous recessive for one trait, what will be the genotypic ratio of the offspring |
1:1 |
|
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if R is dominant to r, the offspring of the cross of RR with rr will |
display the same phenotype as the RR parent |
|
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if tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed, then what kind of offspring will be produced |
all tall |
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if all offspring of a cross have the genotype Aa, the parents of the crosses would most likely be |
AA x aa |
|
|
the results of a testcross reveal that all offspring resemble the parent being tested. that parent is necessarily is |
homozygous |
|
|
if short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l), then to determine the genotype of a short-haired animal it should be crossed with |
ll |
|
|
the theory of segregation |
explains the behavior of a pair of alleles during meiosis |
|
|
an individual with a genetic makeup of aa BB is said to be |
pure-breeding |
|
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in cocker spaniels, black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). if a solid red male is crossed with a solid black female to produce a red spotted puppy, the genotypes of the parents (with male genotype first) would be |
bb Ss x Bb Ss |
|
|
in cocker spaniels, black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), the solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). if two dihybrids (Bb Ss) were crossed, the most common phenotype would be |
black and solid |
|
|
in cocker spaniels, black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). if two dihybrids (Bb Ss) were crossed, what fraction of the black solid offspring would be homozygous |
1/9 |
|
|
in cocker spaniels, black coat color (B) is dominant over red (b), and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). in the F2 generation of a cross between BB ss with bb SS, what fraction of the offspring would be expected to be black and spotted |
3/16 |
|
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which of the following represents a dihybrid cross |
AaBb x AaBb |
|
|
which of the following represents a monohybrid cross |
Aa x Aa |
|
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which of the following represents a homozygous condition |
bb |
|
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which of the following represents a heterozygous condition |
Aa |
|
|
in dealing with incomplete dominance, the following, Pw, is a ______ |
genotype |
|
|
a preparation of metaphase chromosomes sorted by length, centromere location, and other defining features |
karyotype |
|
|
human male chromosomes |
XY |
|
|
human female chromosomes |
XX |
|
|
chromosomes, excluding sex chromosomes, which are the same in both sexes |
autosomes |
|
|
chromosomes with genes that influence sex determination |
sex chromosomes |
|
|
genes located on the X chromosome |
X-linked |
|
|
genes located on the Y chromosome |
Y-linked |
|
|
a change in the physical structure of a chromosome |
mutation |
|
|
the repeating of a gene sequence |
duplication |
|
|
a linear stretch of DNA within a chromosome becomes oriented in a reverse direction, with no molecular loss |
inversion |
|
|
a broken part of a chromosome becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome |
translocation |
|
|
loss of a segment from a chromosome at the cell level; the loss of one to several base pairs from a DNA molecule at the molecular level |
deletion |
|
|
having extra or one less chromosome; a major cause of human reproductive failure |
aneuploidy |
|
|
having three or more of each type of chromosome; is lethal for humans |
polyploidy |
|
|
failure of sister chromatids of pairs of homologous chromosomes to separate at mitosis or meiosis |
nondisjunction |
|
|
a common result of non-disjunction during gamete formation |
Down's Syndrome |
|
|
different molecular forms of a gene at a given locus |
alleles |
|
|
units of information about heritable traits |
genes |
|
|
allele that is the most common form of a gene in natural population or in a standard |
wild type |
|
|
genes on the same chromosome; are physically linked |
linkage groups |
|
|
what substance is used to arrest a cell in metaphase for karyotype preparation |
colchicines |
|
|
how did the Philadelphia chromosome arise |
through a reciprocal translocation |
|
|
for about the first ____ of development, a human embryo has neither female nor male traits |
month |
|
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the characteristics of autosomes and sex chromosomes can best be studied during ____, when they are in their most condensed state |
metaphase |
|
|
Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered X-linked genes while studying the genetics of |
fruit flies |
|
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which of the following statements is NOT true |
most of the genes located on the X chromosomes are involved in controlling female sexual characteristics |
|
|
in humans, if an X-bearing sperm fertilizes an X-bearing egg, the child will be |
female |
|
|
gene linkage |
refers to the tendency of genes found on the same chromosome to be inherited together |
|
|
the probability that a crossover will disrupt the linkage between two genes is proportional to |
the distance between the genes |
|
|
the carriers of an X-linked recessive trait are ____ that do not express the recessive trait they carry |
heterozygous females |
|
|
Hutchinson-Guilford progeria is |
an autosomal dominant genetic disorder |
|
|
the Philadelphia chromosome is associated with |
chronic leukemia |
|
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which of the following is NOT governed by autosomal recessive inheritance |
Huntington disorder |
|
|
in a pedigree chart, a clear circle indicates |
an unaffected female
|
|
|
in a pedigree chart, a darkened circle indicates |
an affected female |
|
|
in a pedigree chart, a darkened square indicates |
an affected male |
|
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which of the following is NOT a true statement |
a carrier is homozygous for the trait in question |
|
|
which of the following is the least prevalent mode of inheritance |
X-linked dominant inheritance |
|
|
Down Syndrome |
is known as trisomy 21 |
|
|
an XXY male has |
Klinefelter syndrome |
|
|
Cri du chat is a genetic disorder brought about by |
chromosome deletion |
|
|
which of the following can be treated by placing the affected individual on a restricted diet that excludes dairy products |
galactosemia |
|
|
with ____ , a linear stretch of DNA becomes oriented in the reverse direction, with no molecular loss |
an inversion |
|
|
in humans, polyploidy is invariably lethal |
true |
|
|
women over the age of 35 are at increased risk of giving birth to a child with |
Down syndrome |
|
|
what sex chromosome combination gives rise to Turner syndrome |
XO |
|
|
with ____, cells in the fluid drawn from the membranous sac that surrounds the fetus are analyzed for genetic defects |
amniocentesis |
|
|
diet soft drinks and other products that contain the artificial sweetener aspartame are dangerous to people who suffer from |
phenylketonuria |
|
|
no human egg carries a Y chromosome |
true |
|
|
the family of hemoglobin genes probably arose as a result of ____ followed by divergence through mutation |
duplication |
|
|
essentially, the first law of thermodynamics says that |
energy can be neither created nor destroyed |
|
|
the second law of thermodynamics states that |
energy tends to become increasingly more disorganized |
|
|
ATP contains |
ribose |
|
|
ATP contains |
adenine |
|
|
the removal of electrons from a compound is known as |
oxidation |
|
|
which reaction is NOT an exergon reaction |
protein synthesis |
|
|
although it is too simple an explanation, the concept of a key fitting into a lock is descriptive of the |
matching of enzyme with substrate |
|
|
enzymes |
ALL OF THESE are very specific act as catalysts are organic molecules have special shapes that control their activities |
|
|
the active site of an enzyme |
is a groove or crevice in the structure of the enzyme |
|
|
enzymatic reactions can be controlled by |
ALL OF THESE
the amount of substrates available the concentration of products temperature hormones |
|
|
enzymes increase the rate of a given reaction by lowering what kind of energy
|
activation |
|
|
plants need which kind of the following to carry on photosynthesis |
both water and carbon dioxide |
|
|
organisms that derive their chemical energy from the process of chemosynthesis or photosynthesis are classified as |
autotrophs |
|
|
the carbon source for organisms that derive their energy from photosynthesis is |
carbon dioxide |
|
|
most carbon enters the web of life through |
photosynthesis |
|
|
the oxygen released in photosynthesis come from |
water |
|
|
the internal membrane system of the chloroplast is called a |
thylakoid |
|
|
thylakoid disks are stacked in groups called |
grana |
|
|
chlorophyll reflects (does not absorb) which color of light |
green |
|
|
where in a plant cell is chlorophyll found |
in the thylakoids |
|
|
when light excites chlorophyll, the chlorophyll molecule |
absorbs the energy and moves an electron to a higher energy state |
|
|
photolysis is |
the splitting of water |
|
|
plant cells produce one molecule of oxygen |
by splitting two molecules of water |
|
|
all but which of condition must be present for light-independent reactions to occur
|
the plant is exposed to light |
|
|
an important electron and hydrogen acceptor in noncyclic pathways of ATP formation is |
NADP+ |
|
|
the first stable compound produced from CO2 in the light-independent reactions is |
phosphoglycerate (PGA) |
|
|
the carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin-Benson cycle is |
ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) |
|
|
for each six atoms of carbon dioxide fixed in the light-independent reactions, how many molecules of PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) are produced |
12 |
|
|
the joining of carbon dioxide to RuBP occurs in the |
stroma |
|
|
the C4 pathway involves |
oxaloacetate |
|
|
which of the following is not a participant in photosynthesis |
mitochondrion |
|
|
which of the following is not a process associated with light-independent reactions |
requires light |
|
|
carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange occurs in the leaves of plants through these structures in the epidermis |
stomata |
|
|
the main photosynthetic area of a leaf is composed of |
mesophyll |
|
|
the Casparian strip is associated with the |
endodermis |
|
|
which theory of water transport states that hydrogen bonding allows water molecules to maintain a continuous fluid column as water is pulled from roots to leaves |
cohesion |
|
|
the correct sequence of the three processes of cellular respiration are |
glycolysis - Krebs cycle - electron transport phosphorylation |
|
|
glycolysis |
results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm |
|
|
how many ATP molecules (not yield) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis |
2 |
|
|
the Krebs cycle takes place in the |
mitochondria |
|
|
to break down a glucose molecule completely requires how many passes through the Krebs cycle |
2 |
|
|
which is the transition from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle |
acetyl CoA formation |
|
|
the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is |
oxygen |
|
|
under anaerobic conditions muscle cells produce |
lactate
|
|
|
if fermentation follows glycolysis |
the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will (depending on the organism) be used to reduce pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide |
|
|
when blood glucose levels decrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped |
glycogen |
|
|
which compound is the end product of glycolysis |
pyruvate |
|
|
which of the following precedes the electron transport phosphorylation |
Krebs Cycle |
|
|
which of the following is the four-carbon compound that is remaining at the end of the Krebs cycle |
oxaloacetic acid |
|
|
the ultimate source of energy for living things is |
sun |
