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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Catabolism
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Part of metabolism
Breaking down of various molecules (digestion) |
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Development
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Cell Specialization (differentiation)
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Metabolism
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All the various chemical processes occuring in a cell
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Homeostasis
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Organisms ability to maintain its internal enviroment within narrow ranges
Maintained by negative feedback Ex: Low blood pressure glucose is released blood sugar goes back up |
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Parts to Homeostasis
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1) Body Temprature
2) Blood Glucose 3) Fluid Volume 4) Many other things |
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in cell size
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Cell
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Smallest Unit of Organized Life
Vary greatly in shape and size |
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Cell Theory
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All living organisms are made of cells and cell products
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Movement
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Basic property of cells
Includes locomotion (walking, swimming, flying) |
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Other Types of Movements
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Muscle Contraction
Positional (eye movement) |
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Responsiveness
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Ability to respond to a stimulus:
1) Temprature 2) Light 3) Chemicals (glucose) 4) Touch |
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Reproduction
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Fundamental principle in biology
All living things come from other living things |
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Asexual Reproduction
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Split to make a new one or piece breaks off and develops on its own
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Sexual Reproduction
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Sperm and Oocyte
1/2 DNA of each parent |
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Adaptation
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Occurs over a long period of time
Occurs in populations not individuals |
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Populations
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A group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographical area
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Chemistry of Life
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All living organisms are made of chemicals
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Atoms
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Smallest unit of a substance that cannot be boken down into smaller pieces by natural methods
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Known Elements
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118 known elements
92 are naturally occuring 18 are non-naturally occuring |
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1
H 1 |
Top 1 is the atomic number
The H is hydrogen The bottom 1 is the atomic weight |
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What are atoms made up of
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Made of subatomic particles called:
protons (plus charge) neutron (no charge) electrons (negative charge) |
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Number of subatomic particles
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Number of protons equal the number of electrons
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Atomic Weight
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Number of protons plus number of neutrons
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Atomic Number
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Equals number of neutrons
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Electron Orbits (energy shells) (Bohr model)
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First level can hold 2 electrons
Second level can hold up to 8 electrons Third Level can hold up to 8 electrons |
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Chemical Bonds
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Form between 2 or more atoms because they are trying to complete their outter electron shells
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Outter Shells
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4 or more electrons in the outter shell will try to share or steal electrons
3 or less electrons in their outter shell will try to give them up (loose it) |
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Ionic Bonds
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Involve the gaining or losing of electrons by atoms
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Covalent Bonds
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Involve sharing electrons
Strongest bond Takes a lot of energy to break these bonds |
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Types Covalent Bonds
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Polar: Electrons are shared unequally
Non-Polar: Electrons are shared equally because electronegativitiy is close to one another |
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Hydrogen Bonds
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Form by the attraction between a positive region in hydrogen and the negative region of another atom
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Van Der Walls Forces
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Weak transient interactions between positivea nd negative areas within a molecule or between molecules
Opposite charges are holding the molecules together |
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Molecules
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2 or more atoms chemically bonded together
Ex: Simple = CO2 or H2O Complex= DNA or protein |
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Compounds
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2 or more different atoms bonded together
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Electronegativity
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A measurement of the ability of an atom to draw electrons towards it
The higher the electronegativity the more the electrons spend their time there |
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Ionic Bonds
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Gaining and losing electrons to form bonds
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Cation
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Positive ion
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Anions
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Negative ion
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Make up 96% of living organisms
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Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen
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Organic Molecules
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Contain carbon usually bonded to hydrogen
ex: carbohydrates, proteins |
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Inorganinc Molecules
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Everything else
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Water
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Inorganic
Universal solvent in biological systems Can form H-bonds |
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Cohesion
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Ability of H2O molecules to stick to each other
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Adhesion
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H2O stick to the walls of the vessel they are in
Ex: Menscus |
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Surface Tension
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H2O has a very high surface tension
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Evaporative Cooling
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H2O needs to absorb energy to evaporate (usually heat)
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Densitiy of Water
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Soild water (ice) is less dnese than liquid water
Water is both an acid and a base |
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Salt
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Cation is not a hydrogen ion
(if it was it would be an acid) Anion is not a hydroxyl ion (if it was it would be a base) ex: Na is a cation and Cl is an anion H Cl not a salt cause hydrogen is a cation Na OH not a salt cause hydroxyl is an anion |
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Inorganic Molecules
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Water
Salt Inorganic Acid Bases |
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Acids
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Hydrogen donor (give hydrogen ion to the solution)
Cation is a hydrogen ion |
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Bases
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The anion is a hydroxylion (OH-)
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pH
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A measurement of the H+ concentration in a solution
The greater the H+ concentration the more acidic the solution the lower its pH |
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Organic Molecules
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Carbohydrates (contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids ATP |
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Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
Disaccharides Polysaccharides |
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Monosaccharides
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Single sugar monomers used primarilly as a source of energy to form ATP some used to build polysaccharides
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Disaccharides
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2 monosaccharides linked together
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Polysaccharides
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Many monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
Dehydration is a condensation reaction |
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Units of Carbs
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Monomers
Dimer Trimer Polymer (anything above 3) |
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Hydrolase (enzyme)
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Catalyze by hydrocysis reaction (breaks covalent bonds)
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Glucose
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C6 H12 O6
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Lactose
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Glucose plus Galactose
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Polysaccharides (continued)
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Storage of glucose
Starch- how plants store glucose Glycogen- how animals store glucose Structural: plants form cellulose-main component of cell walls animals form chition- lobsters, insects, shrimps |
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Lipids
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Neutral Fats
Animals solids at room temprature (fat) Plants is liquid at room tempratue (oil) |
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Phospholipids
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Main component in cell membrane
Made up of glycerol |
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Steroid
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Cholestrol and sex hormones
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Structural Proteins
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Fibrois proteins
Hairs, tendons, ligaments Most common protein collegen |
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Functional Proteins
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Globular Proteins
ex: enzymes, cell surface receptors, hormones, antibodies |
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Amino Acids
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The monomer building blocks of proteins (20 amino acids)
Genes of your DNA determain which amino acids will be linked together |
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Primary Structure Protein
Secondary Structure |
The sequence of amino acids
The folding and twisting of primary sequence |
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Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure |
Building and folding within proteins
When 2 or more polyproteins aggregate |
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Enzymes
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A biological catalyste that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation
Enzymes are not consumed in a chemical reaction Lowers the amount of energy needed to break the bond Are specific for a particular substrate |
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Lock and key relationship
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Enzyme goes in and changes the substance and then ejects the enzyme and goes back around (look up chart)
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Inhibitor
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Stops the substrate from going in the enzyme
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Non-Competitive Inhibitor
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Just changes the shape of the enzyme
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