Biology Lecture 7: The Cardiovascular System; The Respiratory System

Front 1

Systemic circulation
Circulatory path of the blood

Back 1

Left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium

Front 2

Pulmonary circulation

Back 2

Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, arterioles, capillaries of lungs, venules, veins, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle

Front 3

Systole

Back 3

Contraction of the heart, ventricle contracts

Front 4

Diastole

Back 4

Relaxation of the heart, atria contract

Front 5

Vagus nerve

Back 5

Parasympathetic, innervates the SA node slowing the contractions and increases the digestive activity in the intestines

Front 6

Purkinje fibers

Back 6

cardiac muscle fibers, part of the impulse-conducting network of the heart, that rapidly transmit impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles

Front 7

Capillary

Back 7

Microscopic blood vessels where nutrient and gas exchange occur

Front 8

Cardiac output

Back 8

Cardiac output is equal to the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped from a ventricle in a single heartbeat) times the heart rate

Front 9

Diaphragm

Back 9

Skeletal muscle innervated by the phrenic nerve;flattens upon contraction

Front 10

Pharynx

Back 10

Throat

Front 11

Larynx

Back 11

Voicebox, sits behind the epiglottis

Front 12

Epiglottis

Back 12

Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing

Front 13

Trachea

Back 13

Windpipe, lies in front of the esophagus

Front 14

Carbonic anhydrase

Back 14

An enzyme in blood cells that catalyses the decomposition of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water, facilitating the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

Front 15

Inspiration

Back 15

When the medulla oblongota of the midbrain signals the diaphragm to contract

Front 16

Alveoli

Back 16

Oxygen diffuses into a capillary where it is picked up by red blood cells

Front 17

Hemoglobin

Back 17

Protein inside red blood cells; heme = iron

Front 18

Oxygen dissociation curve
Shifted to the right

Back 18

Lowering of hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen; an increase in carbon dioxide pressure, hydrogen ion concentration, or temperature
Carbon monoxide shifts curve to the left

Front 19

Lymphatic system

Back 19

Collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood; an open system

Front 20

Blood

Back 20

Connective tissue; plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells

Front 21

Hematocrit

Back 21

Percentage by volume of red blood cells; normally 35-50%

Front 22

Immunoglobulins

Back 22

Antibodies (gamma globulins); formed in the lymph tissue

Front 23

Serum

Back 23

Plasma is which the clotting protein fibrinogen has been removed

Front 24

Albumin, fibrinogen, and most other plasma proteins

Back 24

Formed in the liver

Front 25

Erythrocytes

Back 25

Have no organelles, no nucleus, do not reproduce or undergo mitosis; transport oxygen and carbondioxide

Front 26

Leukocytes

Back 26

Contain organelles, protect the body from foreign invaders

Front 27

Innate immunity

Back 27

Generalized protection from most intruding organisms; the skin, stomach acid and digestive enzymes, phagocytotic cells, and chemicals in the blood

Front 28

Acquired immunity

Back 28

Protection against specific organisms or toxins

Front 29

Inflammation

Back 29

Dilation of blood vessels, increased permeability of capillaries, swelling of tissue cells, and migration of granulocytes and macrophages to the inflamed area

Front 30

Two types of acquired immunity

Back 30

1. Humoral/ B-cell immunity
2. Cell-mediated/ T-cell immunity

Front 31

Spleen

Back 31

Destroys old red blood cells